总则
GENERAL PRINCIPLES

第一章 一般规定
Chapter One: General Provisions

第二章 第一条为了保护合同当事人的合法权益，维护社会经济秩序，促进社会主义现代化建设，制定本法。
Article 1 Purpose This Law is formulated in order to protect the lawful rights and interests of contract parties, to safeguard social and economic order, and to promote socialist modernization.

第二条本法所称合同是平等主体的自然人、法人、其他组织之间设立、变更、终止民事权利义务关系的协议。
Article 2 Definition of Contract; Exclusions For purposes of this Law, a contract is an agreement between natural persons, legal persons or other organizations with equal standing, for the purpose of establishing, altering, or discharging a relationship of civil rights and obligations.

婚姻、收养、监护等有关身份关系的协议，适用其他法律的规定。
An agreement concerning any personal relationship such as marriage, adoption, guardianship, etc. shall be governed by other applicable laws.

第三条合同当事人的法律地位平等，一方不得将自己的意志强加给另一方。
Article 3 Equal Standing of Parties Contract parties enjoy equal legal standing and neither party may impose its will on the other party.

第四条当事人依法享有自愿订立合同的权利，任何单位和个人不得非法干预。
Article 4 Right to Enter into Contract Voluntarily A party is entitled to enter into a contract voluntarily under the law, and no entity or individual may unlawfully interfere with such right.

第五条当事人应当遵循公平原则确定各方的权利和义务。
Article 5 Fairness The parties shall abide by the principle of fairness in prescribing their respective rights and obligations.

第六条当事人行使权利、履行义务应当遵循诚实信用原则。
Article 6 Good Faith The parties shall abide by the principle of good faith in exercising their rights and performing their obligations.

第七条当事人订立、履行合同，应当遵守法律、行政法规，尊重社会公德，不得扰乱社会经济秩序，损害社会公共利益。
Article 7 Legality In concluding or performing a contract, the parties shall abide by the relevant laws and administrative regulations, as well as observe social ethics, and may not disrupt social and economic order or harm the public interests.

第八条依法成立的合同，对当事人具有法律约束力。当事人应当按照约定履行自己的义务，不得擅自变更或者解除合同。
Article 8 Binding Effect; Legal Protection A lawfully formed contract is legally binding on the parties. The parties shall perform their respective obligations in accordance with the contract, and neither party may arbitrarily amend or terminate the contract.

依法成立的合同，受法律保护。
A lawfully formed contract is protected by law.

第二章 合同的订立
Chapter Two: Formation of Contracts

第九条当事人订立合同，应当具有相应的民事权利能力和民事行为能力。
Article 9 Capacity; Contract through Agent In entering into a contract, the parties shall have the appropriate capacities for civil rights and civil acts.

当事人依法可以委托代理人订立合同。
A party may appoint an agent to enter into a contract on its behalf under the law.

第十条当事人订立合同，有书面形式、口头形式和其他形式。
Article 10 Forms of Contract; Writing Requirement A contract may be made in a writing, in an oral conversation, as well as in any other form.

法律、行政法规规定采用书面形式的，应当采用书面形式。当事人约定采用书面形式的，应当采用书面形式。
A contract shall be in writing if a relevant law or administrative regulation so requires. A contract shall be in writing if the parties have so agreed.

第十一条书面形式是指合同书、信件和数据电文（包括电报、电传、传真、电子数据交换和电子邮件）等可以有形地表现所载内容的形式。
Article 11 Definition of Writing A writing means a memorandum of contract, letter or electronic message (including telegram, telex, facsimile, electronic data exchange and electronic mail), etc. which is capable of expressing its contents in a tangible form.

第十二条合同的内容由当事人约定，一般包括以下条款：
Article 12 Terms of Contract The terms of a contract shall be prescribed by the parties, and generally include the following:

（一）当事人的名称或者姓名和住所；
(i) names of the parties and the domiciles thereof;

（二）标的；
(ii) subject matter;

（三）数量；
(iii) quantity;

（四）质量；
(iv) quality;

（五）价款或者报酬；
(v) price or remuneration;

（六）履行期限、地点和方式；
(vi) time, place and method of performance;

（七）违约责任；
(vii) liabilities for breach of contract;

（八）解决争议的方法。
(viii) method of dispute resolution.

当事人可以参照各类合同的示范文本订立合同。
The parties may enter into a contract by referencing a model contract for the relevant contract category.

第十三条当事人订立合同，采取要约、承诺方式。
Article 13 Offer-Acceptance A contract is concluded by the exchange of an offer and an acceptance.

第十四条要约是希望和他人订立合同的意思表示，该意思表示应当符合下列规定：
Article 14 Definition of Offer An offer is a party's manifestation of intention to enter into a contract with the other party, which shall comply with the following:

（一）内容具体确定；
(i) Its terms are specific and definite;

（二）表明经受要约人承诺，要约人即受该意思表示约束。
(ii) It indicates that upon acceptance by the offeree, the offeror will be bound thereby.

第十五条要约邀请是希望他人向自己发出要约的意思表示。寄送的价目表、拍卖公告、招标公告、招股说明书、商业广告等为要约邀请。
Article 15 Invitation to Offer 　　An invitation to offer is a party's manifestation of intention to invite the other party to make an offer thereto. A delivered price list, announcement of auction, call for tender, prospectus, or commercial advertisement, etc. is an invitation to offer.

商业广告的内容符合要约规定的，视为要约。
A commercial advertisement is deemed an offer if its contents meet the requirements of an offer.

第十六条要约到达受要约人时生效。
Article 16 Effectiveness of Offer, Offer through Electronic Message An offer becomes effective when it reaches the offeree.

采用数据电文形式订立合同，收件人指定特定系统接收数据电文的，该数据电文进入该特定系统的时间，视为到达时间；未指定特定系统的，该数据电文进入收件人的任何系统的首次时间，视为到达时间。
When a contract is concluded by the exchange of electronic messages, if the recipient of an electronic message has designated a specific system to receive it, the time when the electronic message enters into such specific system is deemed its time of arrival; if no specific system has been designated, the time when the electronic message first enters into any of the recipient's systems is deemed its time of arrival.

第十七条要约可以撤回。撤回要约的通知应当在要约到达受要约人之前或者与要约同时到达受要约人。
Article 17 Withdrawal of Offer An offer may be withdrawn. The notice of withdrawal shall reach the offeree before or at the same time as the offer.

第十八条要约可以撤销。撤销要约的通知应当在受要约人发出承诺通知之前到达受要约人。
Article 18 Revocation of Offer An offer may be revoked. The notice of revocation shall reach the offeree before it has dispatched a notice of acceptance.

第十九条有下列情形之一的，要约不得撤销：
Article 19 Irrevocable Offer An offer may not be revoked:

（一）要约人确定了承诺期限或者以其他形式明示要约不可撤销；
(i) if it expressly indicates, whether by stating a fixed time for acceptance or otherwise, that it is irrevocable;

（二）受要约人有理由认为要约是不可撤销的，并已经为履行合同作了准备工作。
(ii) if the offeree has reason to regard the offer as irrevocable, and has undertaken preparation for performance.

第二十条有下列情形之一的，要约失效：
Article 20 Extinguishment of Offer An offer is extinguished in any of the following circumstances:

（一）拒绝要约的通知到达要约人；
(i) The notice of rejection reaches the offeror;

（二）要约人依法撤销要约；
(ii) The offeror lawfully revokes the offer;

（三）承诺期限届满，受要约人未作出承诺；
(iii) The offeree fails to dispatch its acceptance at the end of the period for acceptance;

（四）受要约人对要约的内容作出实质性变更。
(iv) The offeree makes a material change to the terms of the offer.

第二十一条承诺是受要约人同意要约的意思表示。
Article 21 Definition of Acceptance An acceptance is the offeree's manifestation of intention to assent to an offer.

第二十二条承诺应当以通知的方式作出，但根据交易习惯或者要约表明可以通过行为作出承诺的除外。
Article 22 Mode of Acceptance; Acceptance by Conduct An acceptance shall be manifested by notification, except where it may be manifested by conduct in accordance with the relevant usage or as indicated in the offer.

第二十三条承诺应当在要约确定的期限内到达要约人。
Article 23 Timely Dispatch of Acceptance An acceptance shall reach the offeror within the period prescribed in the offer.

要约没有确定承诺期限的，承诺应当依照下列规定到达：
Where the offer does not prescribe a period for acceptance, the acceptance shall reach the offeror as follows:

（一）要约以对话方式作出的，应当即时作出承诺，但当事人另有约定的除外；
(i) Where the offer is made orally, the acceptance shall be dispatched immediately, unless otherwise agreed by the parties;

（二）要约以非对话方式作出的，承诺应当在合理期限内到达。
(ii) Where the offer is made in a non-oral manner, the acceptance shall reach the offeror within a reasonable time.

第二十四条要约以信件或者电报作出的，承诺期限自信件载明的日期或者电报交发之日开始计算。信件未载明日期的，自投寄该信件的邮戳日期开始计算。要约以电话、传真等快速通讯方式作出的，承诺期限自要约到达受要约人时开始计算。
Article 24 Commencement of the Period for Acceptance Where an offer is made by a letter or a telegram, the period for acceptance commences on the date shown on the letter or the date on which the telegram is handed in for dispatch. If the letter does not specify a date, the period commences on the posting date stamped on the envelop. Where the offer is made through an instantaneous communication device such as telephone or facsimile, etc., the period for acceptance commences once the offer reaches the offeree.

第二十五条承诺生效时合同成立。
Article 25 Contract Formed upon Effectiveness of Acceptance A contract is formed once the acceptance becomes effective.

第二十六条承诺通知到达要约人时生效。承诺不需要通知的，根据交易习惯或者要约的要求作出承诺的行为时生效。
Article 26 Effectiveness of Acceptance A notice of acceptance becomes effective once it reaches the offeror. Where the acceptance does not require notification, it becomes effective once an act of acceptance is performed in accordance with the relevant usage or as required by the offer.

采用数据电文形式订立合同的，承诺到达的时间适用本法第十六条第二款的规定。
Where a contract is concluded by the exchange of electronic messages, the time of arrival of the acceptance shall be governed by Paragraph 2 of Article 16 hereof.

第二十七条承诺可以撤回。撤回承诺的通知应当在承诺通知到达要约人之前或者与承诺通知同时到达要约人。
Article 27 Withdrawal of Acceptance An acceptance may be withdrawn. The notice of withdrawal shall reach the offeror before or at the same time as the acceptance.

第二十八条受要约人超过承诺期限发出承诺的，除要约人及时通知受要约人该承诺有效的以外，为新要约。
Article 28 Late Acceptance An acceptance dispatched by the offeree after expiration of the period for acceptance constitutes a new offer, unless the offeror timely advises the offeree that the acceptance is valid.

第二十九条受要约人在承诺期限内发出承诺，按照通常情形能够及时到达要约人，但因其他原因承诺到达要约人时超过承诺期限的，除要约人及时通知受要约人因承诺超过期限不接受该承诺的以外，该承诺有效。
Article 29 Delayed Transmission of Acceptance If the offeree dispatched its acceptance within the period for acceptance, and the acceptance, which would otherwise have reached the offeror in due time under normal circumstances, reaches the offeror after expiration of the period for acceptance due to any other reason, the acceptance is valid, unless the offeror timely advises the offeree that the acceptance has been rejected on grounds of the delay.

第三十条承诺的内容应当与要约的内容一致。受要约人对要约的内容作出实质性变更的，为新要约。有关合同标的、数量、质量、价款或者报酬、履行期限、履行地点和方式、违约责任和解决争议方法等的变更，是对要约内容的实质性变更。
Article 30 Acceptance Containing Material Change The terms of the acceptance shall be identical to those of the offer. A purported acceptance dispatched by the offeree which materially alters the terms of the offer constitutes a new offer. A change in the subject matter, quantity, quality, price or remuneration, time, place and method of performance, liabilities for breach of contract or method of dispute resolution is a material change to the terms of the offer.

第三十一条承诺对要约的内容作出非实质性变更的，除要约人及时表示反对或者要约表明承诺不得对要约的内容作出任何变更的以外，该承诺有效，合同的内容以承诺的内容为准。
Article 31 Acceptance Containing Non-material Changes An acceptance containing nonmaterial changes to the terms of the offer is nevertheless valid and the terms thereof prevail as the terms of the contract, unless the offeror timely objects to such changes or the offer indicated that acceptance may not contain any change to the terms thereof.

第三十二条当事人采用合同书形式订立合同的，自双方当事人签字或者盖章时合同成立。
Article 32 Time of Formation in Case of Memorandum of Contract Where the parties enter into a contract by a memorandum of contract, the contract is formed when it is signed or sealed by the parties.

第三十三条当事人采用信件、数据电文等形式订立合同的，可以在合同成立之前要求签订确认书。签订确认书时合同成立。
Article 33 Time of Formation in Case of Letters or Electronic Messages; Confirmation Letter Where the parties enter into a contract by the exchange of letters or electronic messages, one party may require execution of a confirmation letter before the contract is formed. The contract is formed upon execution of the confirmation letter.

第三十四条承诺生效的地点为合同成立的地点。
Article 34 Place of Formation; Electronic Messages The place where the acceptance becomes effective is the place of formation of a contract.

采用数据电文形式订立合同的，收件人的主营业地为合同成立的地点；没有主营业地的，其经常居住地为合同成立的地点。当事人另有约定的，按照其约定。
Where a contract is concluded by the exchange of electronic messages, the recipient's main place of business is the place of formation of the contract; if the recipient does not have a main place of business, its habitual residence is the place of formation of the contract. If the parties have agreed otherwise, such agreement prevails.

第三十五条当事人采用合同书形式订立合同的，双方当事人签字或者盖章的地点为合同成立的地点。
Article 35 Place of Formation in Case of Memorandum of Contract Where a contract is concluded by a memorandum of contract, its place of formation is the place where the parties sign or seal the contract.

第三十六条法律、行政法规规定或者当事人约定采用书面形式订立合同，当事人未采用书面形式但一方已经履行主要义务，对方接受的，该合同成立。
Article 36 Effect of Failure to Conclude Contract in Writing Where a contract is to be concluded by a writing as required by the relevant law or administrative regulation or as agreed by the parties, if the parties failed to conclude the contract in writing but one party has performed its main obligation and the other party has accepted the performance, the contract is formed.

第三十七条采用合同书形式订立合同，在签字或者盖章之前，当事人一方已经履行主要义务，对方接受的，该合同成立。
Article 37 Effect of Failure to Sign in Case of Memorandum of Contract Where a contract is to be concluded by a memorandum of contract, if prior to signing or sealing of the contract, one party has performed its main obligation and the other party has accepted the performance, the contract is formed.

第三十八条国家根据需要下达指令性任务或者国家订货任务的，有关法人、其他组织之间应当依照有关法律、行政法规规定的权利和义务订立合同。
Article 38 Contract under State Mandatory Plan Where the state has, in light of its requirements, issued a mandatory plan or state purchase order, the relevant legal persons and other organizations shall enter into a contract based on the rights and obligations of the parties prescribed by the relevant laws and administrative regulations.

第三十九条采用格式条款订立合同的，提供格式条款的一方应当遵循公平原则确定当事人之间的权利和义务，并采取合理的方式提请对方注意免除或者限制其责任的条款，按照对方的要求，对该条款予以说明。
Article 39 Standard Terms; Duty to Call Attention Where a contract is concluded by way of standard terms, the party supplying the standard terms shall abide by the principle of fairness in prescribing the rights and obligations of the parties and shall, in a reasonable manner, call the other party's attention to the provision(s) whereby such party's liabilities are excluded or limited, and shall explain such provision(s) upon request by the other party.

格式条款是当事人为了重复使用而预先拟定，并在订立合同时未与对方协商的条款。
Standard terms are contract provisions which were prepared in advance by a party for repeated use, and which are not negotiated with the other party in the course of concluding the contract.

第四十条格式条款具有本法第五十二条和第五十三条规定情形的，或者提供格式条款一方免除其责任、加重对方责任、排除对方主要权利的，该条款无效。
Article 40 Invalidity of Certain Standard Terms A standard term is invalid if it falls into any of the circumstances set forth in Article 52 and Article 53 hereof, or if it excludes the liabilities of the party supplying such term, increases the liabilities of the other party, or deprives the other party of any of its material rights.

第四十一条对格式条款的理解发生争议的，应当按照通常理解予以解释。对格式条款有两种以上解释的，应当作出不利于提供格式条款一方的解释。格式条款和非格式条款不一致的，应当采用非格式条款。
Article 41 Dispute Concerning Construction of Standard Term In case of any dispute concerning the construction of a standard term, such term shall be interpreted in accordance with common sense. If the standard term is subject to two or more interpretations, it shall be interpreted against the party supplying it. If a discrepancy exists between the standard term and a non-standard term, the non-standard term prevails.

第四十二条当事人在订立合同过程中有下列情形之一，给对方造成损失的，应当承担损害赔偿责任：
Article 42 Pre-contract Liabilities Where in the course of concluding a contract, a party engaged in any of the following conducts, thereby causing loss to the other party, it shall be liable for damages:

（一）假借订立合同，恶意进行磋商；
(i) negotiating in bad faith under the pretext of concluding a contract;

（二）故意隐瞒与订立合同有关的重要事实或者提供虚假情况；
(ii) intentionally concealing a material fact relating to the conclusion of the contract or supplying false information;

（三）有其他违背诚实信用原则的行为。
(iii) any other conduct which violates the principle of good faith.

第四十三条当事人在订立合同过程中知悉的商业秘密，无论合同是否成立，不得泄露或者不正当地使用。泄露或者不正当地使用该商业秘密给对方造成损失的，应当承担损害赔偿责任。
Article 43 Trade Secrets; Liability for Disclosure or Improper Use 　　A party may not disclose or improperly use any trade secret which it became aware of in the course of negotiating a contract, regardless of whether a contract is formed. If the party disclosed or improperly used such trade secret, thereby causing loss to the other party, it shall be liable for damages.

第三章 合同的效力
Chapter Three: Validity of Contracts

第四十四条依法成立的合同，自成立时生效。
Article 44 Effectiveness of Contract A lawfully formed contract becomes effective upon its formation.

法律、行政法规规定应当办理批准、登记等手续生效的，依照其规定。
Where effectiveness of a contract is subject to any procedure such as approval or registration, etc. as required by a relevant law or administrative regulation, such provision applies.

第四十五条当事人对合同的效力可以约定附条件。附生效条件的合同，自条件成就时生效。附解除条件的合同，自条件成就时失效。
Article 45 Conditions Precedent; Conditions Subsequent; Improper Impairment or Facilitation The parties may prescribe that effectiveness of a contract be subject to certain conditions. A contract subject to a condition precedent becomes effective once such condition is satisfied. A contract subject to a condition subsequent is extinguished once such condition is satisfied.

当事人为自己的利益不正当地阻止条件成就的，视为条件已成就；不正当地促成条件成就的，视为条件不成就。
Where in order to further its own interests, a party improperly impaired the satisfaction of a condition, the condition is deemed to have been satisfied; where a party improperly facilitated the satisfaction of a condition, the condition is deemed not to have been satisfied.

第四十六条当事人对合同的效力可以约定附期限。附生效期限的合同，自期限届至时生效。附终止期限的合同，自期限届满时失效。
Article 46 Contract Term The parties may prescribe a term for a contract. A contract subject to a time of commencement becomes effective at such time. A contract subject to a time of expiration is extinguished at such time.

第四十七条限制民事行为能力人订立的合同，经法定代理人追认后，该合同有效，但纯获利益的合同或者与其年龄、智力、精神健康状况相适应而订立的合同，不必经法定代理人追认。
Article 47 Contract by Person with Limited Capacity A contract concluded by a person with limited capacity for civil act is valid upon ratification by the legal agent thereof, provided that a contract from which such person accrues benefits only or the conclusion of which is appropriate for his age, intelligence or mental health does not require ratification by his legal agent.

相对人可以催告法定代理人在一个月内予以追认。法定代理人未作表示的，视为拒绝追认。合同被追认之前，善意相对人有撤销的权利。撤销应当以通知的方式作出。
The other party may demand that the legal agent ratify the contract within one month. If the legal agent fails to manifest his intention, he is deemed to have declined to ratify the contract. Prior to ratification of the contract, the other party in good faith is entitled to cancel the contract. Cancellation shall be effected by notification.

第四十八条行为人没有代理权、超越代理权或者代理权终止后以被代理人名义订立的合同，未经被代理人追认，对被代理人不发生效力，由行为人承担责任。
Article 48 Contract by Unauthorized Agent Absent ratification by the principal, a contract concluded on his behalf by a person who lacked agency authority, who acted beyond his agency authority or whose agency authority was extinguished is not binding upon the principal unless ratified by him, and the person performing such act is liable.

相对人可以催告被代理人在一个月内予以追认。被代理人未作表示的，视为拒绝追认。合同被追认之前，善意相对人有撤销的权利。撤销应当以通知的方式作出。
The other party may demand that the principal ratify the contract within one month. Where the principal fails to manifest his intention, he is deemed to have declined to ratify the contract. Prior to ratification of the contract, the other party in good faith is entitled to cancel the contract. Cancellation shall be effected by notification.

第四十九条行为人没有代理权、超越代理权或者代理权终止后以被代理人名义订立合同，相对人有理由相信行为人有代理权的，该代理行为有效。
Article 49 Contract by Person with Apparent Agency Authority Where the person lacking agency authority, acting beyond his agency authority, or whose agency authority was extinguished concluded a contract in the name of the principal, if it was reasonable for the other party to believe that the person performing the act had agency authority, such act of agency is valid.

第五十条法人或者其他组织的法定代表人、负责人超越权限订立的合同，除相对人知道或者应当知道其超越权限的以外，该代表行为有效。
Article 50 Contract Executed by Legal Representative Where the legal representative or the person-in-charge of a legal person or an organization of any other nature entered into a contract acting beyond his scope of authority, unless the other party knew or should have known that he was acting beyond his scope of authority, such act of representation is valid.

第五十一条无处分权的人处分他人财产，经权利人追认或者无处分权的人订立合同后取得处分权的，该合同有效。
Article 51 Unauthorized Disposal of Property through Contract Where a piece of property belonging to another person was disposed of by a person without the power to do so, such contract is nevertheless valid once the person with the power to its disposal has ratified the contract, or if the person lacking the power to dispose of it when the contract was concluded has subsequently acquired such power.

第五十二条有下列情形之一的，合同无效：
Article 52 Invalidating Circumstances A contract is invalid in any of the following circumstances:

（一）一方以欺诈、胁迫的手段订立合同，损害国家利益；
(i) One party induced conclusion of the contract through fraud or duress, thereby harming the interests of the state;

（二）恶意串通，损害国家、集体或者第三人利益；
(ii) The parties colluded in bad faith, thereby harming the interests of the state, the collective or any third party;

（三）以合法形式掩盖非法目的；
(iii) The parties intended to conceal an illegal purpose under the guise of a legitimate transaction;

（四）损害社会公共利益；
(iv) The contract harms public interests;

（五）违反法律、行政法规的强制性规定。
(v) The contract violates a mandatory provision of any law or administrative regulation.

第五十三条合同中的下列免责条款无效：
Article 53 Invalidity of Certain Exculpatory Provisions The following exculpatory provisions in a contract are invalid:

（一）造成对方人身伤害的；
(i) excluding one party's liability for personal injury caused to the other party;

（二）因故意或者重大过失造成对方财产损失的。
(ii) excluding one party's liability for property loss caused to the other party by its intentional misconduct or gross negligence.

第五十四条下列合同，当事人一方有权请求人民法院或者仲裁机构变更或者撤销：
Article 54 Contract Subject to Amendment or Cancellation Either of the parties may petition the People's Court or an arbitration institution for amendment or cancellation of a contract if:

（一）因重大误解订立的；
(i) the contract was concluded due to a material mistake;

（二）在订立合同时显失公平的。
(ii) the contract was grossly unconscionable at the time of its conclusion.

一方以欺诈、胁迫的手段或者乘人之危，使对方在违背真实意思的情况下订立的合同，受损害方有权请求人民法院或者仲裁机构变更或者撤销。
If a party induced the other party to enter into a contract against its true intention by fraud or duress, or by taking advantage of the other party's hardship, the aggrieved party is entitled to petition the People's Court or an arbitration institution for amendment or cancellation of the contract.

当事人请求变更的，人民法院或者仲裁机构不得撤销。
Where a party petitions for amendment of the contract, the People's Court or arbitration institution may not cancel the contract instead.

第五十五条有下列情形之一的，撤销权消灭：
Article 55 Extinguishment of Cancellation Right A party's cancellation right is extinguished in any of the following circumstances:

（一）具有撤销权的当事人自知道或者应当知道撤销事由之日起一年内没有行使撤销权；
(i) It fails to exercise the cancellation right within one year, commencing on the date when the party knew or should have known the cause for the cancellation;

（二）具有撤销权的当事人知道撤销事由后明确表示或者以自己的行为放弃撤销权。
(ii) Upon becoming aware of the cause for cancellation, it waives the cancellation right by express statement or by conduct.

第五十六条无效的合同或者被撤销的合同自始没有法律约束力。合同部分无效，不影响其他部分效力的，其他部分仍然有效。
Article 56 Effect of Invalidation or Cancellation; Partial Invalidation or Cancellation An invalid or canceled contract is not legally binding ab initio. Where a contract is partially invalid, and the validity of the remaining provisions thereof is not affected as a result, the remaining provisions are nevertheless valid.

第五十七条合同无效、被撤销或者终止的，不影响合同中独立存在的有关解决争议方法的条款的效力。
Article 57 Independence of Dispute Resolution Provision The invalidation, cancellation or discharge of a contract does not impair the validity of the contract provision concerning the method of dispute resolution, which exists independently in the contract.

第五十八条合同无效或者被撤销后，因该合同取得的财产，应当予以返还；不能返还或者没有必要返还的，应当折价补偿。有过错的一方应当赔偿对方因此所受到的损失，双方都有过错的，应当各自承担相应的责任。
Article 58 Remedies in Case of Invalidation or Cancellation After a contract was invalidated or canceled, the parties shall make restitution of any property acquired thereunder; where restitution in kind is not possible or necessary, allowance shall be made in money based on the value of the property. The party at fault shall indemnify the other party for its loss sustained as a result. Where both parties were at fault, the parties shall bear their respective liabilities accordingly.

第五十九条当事人恶意串通，损害国家、集体或者第三人利益的，因此取得的财产收归国家所有或者返还集体、第三人。
Article 59 Remedies in Case of Collusion in Bad Faith Where the parties colluded in bad faith, thereby harming the interests of the state, the collective or a third person, any property acquired as a result shall be turned over to the state or be returned to the collective or the third person.

第四章 合同的履行
Chapter Four: Performance of Contracts

第六十条当事人应当按照约定全面履行自己的义务。
Article 60 Full Performance; Performance in Good Faith 　　The parties shall fully perform their respective obligations in accordance with the contract.

当事人应当遵循诚实信用原则，根据合同的性质、目的和交易习惯履行通知、协助、保密等义务。
The parties shall abide by the principle of good faith, and perform obligations such as notification, assistance, and confidentiality, etc. in light of the nature and purpose of the contract and in accordance with the relevant usage.

第六十一条合同生效后，当事人就质量、价款或者报酬、履行地点等内容没有约定或者约定不明确的，可以协议补充；不能达成补充协议的，按照合同有关条款或者交易习惯确定。
Article 61 Indeterminate Terms; Supplementary Agreement If a term such as quality, price or remuneration, or place of performance etc. was not prescribed or clearly prescribed, after the contract has taken effect, the parties may supplement it through agreement; if the parties fail to reach a supplementary agreement, such term shall be determined in accordance with the relevant provisions of the contract or in accordance with the relevant usage.

第六十二条当事人就有关合同内容约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定的，适用下列规定：
Article 62 Gap Filling Where a relevant term of the contract was not clearly prescribed, and cannot be determined in accordance with Article 61 hereof, one of the following provisions applies:

（一）质量要求不明确的，按照国家标准、行业标准履行；没有国家标准、行业标准的，按照通常标准或者符合合同目的的特定标准履行。
(i) If quality requirement was not clearly prescribed, performance shall be in accordance with the state standard or industry standard; absent any state or industry standard, performance shall be in accordance with the customary standard or any particular standard consistent with the purpose of the contract;

（二）价款或者报酬不明确的，按照订立合同时履行地的市场价格履行；依法应当执行政府定价或者政府指导价的，按照规定履行。
(ii) If price or remuneration was not clearly prescribed, performance shall be in accordance with the prevailing market price at the place of performance at the time the contract was concluded, and if adoption of a price mandated by the government or based on government issued pricing guidelines is required by law, such requirement applies;

（三）履行地点不明确，给付货币的，在接受货币一方所在地履行；交付不动产的，在不动产所在地履行；其他标的，在履行义务一方所在地履行。
(iii) Where the place of performance was not clearly prescribed, if the obligation is payment of money, performance shall be at the place where the payee is located; if the obligation is delivery of immovable property, performance shall be at the place where the immovable property is located; for any other subject matter, performance shall be at the place where the obligor is located;

（四）履行期限不明确的，债务人可以随时履行，债权人也可以随时要求履行，但应当给对方必要的准备时间。
(iv) If the time of performance was not clearly prescribed, the obligor may perform, and the obligee may require performance, at any time, provided that the other party shall be given the time required for preparation;

（五）履行方式不明确的，按照有利于实现合同目的的方式履行。
(v) If the method of performance was not clearly prescribed, performance shall be rendered in a manner which is conducive to realizing the purpose of the contract;

（六）履行费用的负担不明确的，由履行义务一方负担。
(vi) If the party responsible for the expenses of performance was not clearly prescribed, the obligor shall bear the expenses.

第六十三条执行政府定价或者政府指导价的，在合同约定的交付期限内政府价格调整时，按照交付时的价格计价。逾期交付标的物的，遇价格上涨时，按照原价格执行；价格下降时，按照新价格执行。逾期提取标的物或者逾期付款的，遇价格上涨时，按照新价格执行；价格下降时，按照原价格执行。
Article 63 Performance at Government Mandated Price Where a contract is to be implemented at a price mandated by the government or based on government issued pricing guidelines, if the government adjusts the price during the prescribed period of delivery, the contract price shall be the price at the time of delivery. Where a party delays in delivering the subject matter, the original price applies if the price has increased, and the new price applies if the price has decreased. Where a party delays in taking delivery or making payment, the new price applies if the price has increased, and the original price applies if the price has decreased.

第六十四条当事人约定由债务人向第三人履行债务的，债务人未向第三人履行债务或者履行债务不符合约定，应当向债权人承担违约责任。
Article 64 Performance toward a Third Person 　　　Where the parties prescribed that the obligor render performance to a third person, if the obligor fails to render its performance to the third person, or rendered non-conforming performance, it shall be liable to the obligee for breach of contract.

第六十五条当事人约定由第三人向债权人履行债务的，第三人不履行债务或者履行债务不符合约定，债务人应当向债权人承担违约责任。
Article 65 Performance by a Third Person Where the parties prescribed that a third person render performance to the obligee, if the third person fails to perform or rendered non-conforming performance, the obligor shall be liable to the obligee for breach of contract.

第六十六条当事人互负债务，没有先后履行顺序的，应当同时履行。一方在对方履行之前有权拒绝其履行要求。一方在对方履行债务不符合约定时，有权拒绝其相应的履行要求。
Article 66 Simultaneous Performance 　　　Where the parties owe performance toward each other and there is no order of performance, the parties shall perform simultaneously. Prior to performance by the other party, one party is entitled to reject its requirement for performance. If the other party rendered non-conforming performance, one party is entitled to reject its corresponding requirement for performance.

第六十七条当事人互负债务，有先后履行顺序，先履行一方未履行的，后履行一方有权拒绝其履行要求。先履行一方履行债务不符合约定的，后履行一方有权拒绝其相应的履行要求。
Article 67 Consecutive Performance Where the parties owe performance toward each other and there is an order of performance, prior to performance by the party required to perform first, the party who is to perform subsequently is entitled to reject its requirement for performance. If the party required to perform first rendered non-conforming performance, the party who is to perform subsequently is entitled to reject its corresponding requirement for performance.

第六十八条应当先履行债务的当事人，有确切证据证明对方有下列情形之一的，可以中止履行：
Article 68 Right to Suspend Performance The party required to perform first may suspend its performance if it has conclusive evidence establishing that the other party is in any of the following circumstances:

（一）经营状况严重恶化；
(i) Its business has seriously deteriorated;

（二）转移财产、抽逃资金，以逃避债务；
(ii) It has engaged in transfer of assets or withdrawal of funds for the purpose of evading debts;

（三）丧失商业信誉；
(iii) It has lost its business creditworthiness;

（四）有丧失或者可能丧失履行债务能力的其他情形。
(iv) It is in any other circumstance which will or may cause it to lose its ability to perform.

当事人没有确切证据中止履行的，应当承担违约责任。
Where a party suspends performance without conclusive evidence, it shall be liable for breach of contract.

第六十九条当事人依照本法第六十八条的规定中止履行的，应当及时通知对方。
Article 69 Notification upon Suspension of Performance; Termination If a party suspends its performance in accordance with Article 68 hereof, it shall timely notify the other party.

对方提供适当担保时，应当恢复履行。中止履行后，对方在合理期限内未恢复履行能力并且未提供适当担保的，中止履行的一方可以解除合同。
If the other party provides appropriate assurance for its performance, the party shall resume performance. After performance was suspended, if the other party fails to regain its ability to perform and fails to provide appropriate assurance within a reasonable time, the suspending party may terminate the contract.

第七十条债权人分立、合并或者变更住所没有通知债务人，致使履行债务发生困难的，债务人可以中止履行或者将标的物提存。
Article 70 Difficulty in Rendering Performance Due to Combination Where after effecting combination, division, or change of domicile, the obligee failed to notify the obligor, thereby making it difficult to render performance, the obligor may suspend its performance or place the subject matter in escrow.

第七十一条债权人可以拒绝债务人提前履行债务，但提前履行不损害债权人利益的除外。
Article 71 Right to Reject Early Performance; Exception The obligee may reject the obligor's early performance, except where such early performance does not harm the obligee's interests.

债务人提前履行债务给债权人增加的费用，由债务人负担。
Any additional expense incurred by the obligee due to the obligor's early performance shall be borne by the obligor.

第七十二条债权人可以拒绝债务人部分履行债务，但部分履行不损害债权人利益的除外。
Article 72 Right to Reject Partial Performance; Exception An obligee may reject the obligor's partial performance, except where such partial performance does not harm the obligee's interests.

债务人部分履行债务给债权人增加的费用，由债务人负担。
Any additional expense incurred by the obligee due to the obligor's partial performance shall be borne by the obligor.

第七十三条因债务人怠于行使其到期债权，对债权人造成损害的，债权人可以向人民法院请求以自己的名义代位行使债务人的债权，但该债权专属于债务人自身的除外。
Article 73 Subrogation; Limitation Where the obligor delayed in exercising its creditor's right against a third person that was due, thereby harming the obligee, the obligee may petition the People's Court for subrogation, except where such creditor's right is exclusively personal to the obligor.

代位权的行使范围以债权人的债权为限。债权人行使代位权的必要费用，由债务人负担。
The scope of subrogation is limited to the extent of the obligee's right to performance. The necessary expenses for subrogation by the obligee shall be borne by the obligor.

第七十四条因债务人放弃其到期债权或者无偿转让财产，对债权人造成损害的，债权人可以请求人民法院撤销债务人的行为。债务人以明显不合理的低价转让财产，对债权人造成损害，并且受让人知道该情形的，债权人也可以请求人民法院撤销债务人的行为。
Article 74 Obligee's Right to Cancel Manifestly Unreasonable Act by Obligor Where the obligor waived its creditor's right against a third person that was due or assigned its property without reward, thereby harming the obligee, the obligee may petition the People's Court for cancellation of the obligor's act. Where the obligor assigned its property at a low price which is manifestly unreasonable, thereby harming the obligee, and the assignee was aware of the situation, the obligee may also petition the People's Court for cancellation of the obligor's act.

撤销权的行使范围以债权人的债权为限。债权人行使撤销权的必要费用，由债务人负担。
The scope of cancellation right is limited to the extent of the obligee's right to performance. The necessary expenses for the obligee's exercise of its cancellation right shall be borne by the obligor.

第七十五条撤销权自债权人知道或者应当知道撤销事由之日起一年内行使。自债务人的行为发生之日起五年内没有行使撤销权的，该撤销权消灭。
Article 75 Time Limit for Exercising Obligee's Cancellation Right The obligee's cancellation right shall be exercised within one year, commencing on the date when it became, or should have become, aware of the cause for cancellation. Such cancellation right is extinguished if not exercised within five years, commencing on the date of occurrence of the obligor's act.

第七十六条合同生效后，当事人不得因姓名、名称的变更或者法定代表人、负责人、承办人的变动而不履行合同义务。
Article 76 A Party's Internal Change Not Excuse for Nonperformance Once a contract becomes effective, a party may not refuse to perform its obligations thereunder on grounds of any change in its name or change of its legal representative, person in charge, or the person handling the contract.

第五章 合同的变更和转让
Chapter Five: Amendment and Assignment of Contracts

第七十七条当事人协商一致，可以变更合同。
Article 77 Amendment; Amendment Subject to Approval A contract may be amended if the parties have so agreed.

法律、行政法规规定变更合同应当办理批准、登记等手续的，依照其规定。
Where amendment to the contract is subject to any procedure such as approval or registration, etc. as required by a relevant law or administrative regulation, such provision applies.

第七十八条当事人对合同变更的内容约定不明确的，推定为未变更。
Article 78 Ambiguous Amendment Not Effective 　　　A contract term is construed not to have been amended if the parties failed to clearly prescribe the terms of the amendment.

第七十九条债权人可以将合同的权利全部或者部分转让给第三人，但有下列情形之一的除外：
Article 79 Assignment of Rights; Exceptions 　　　The obligee may assign its rights under a contract in whole or in part to a third person, except where such assignment is prohibited:

（一）根据合同性质不得转让；
(i) in light of the nature of the contract;

（二）按照当事人约定不得转让；
(ii) by agreement between the parties;

（三）依照法律规定不得转让。
(iii) by law.

第八十条债权人转让权利的，应当通知债务人。未经通知，该转让对债务人不发生效力。
Article 80 Duty to Notify When Assigning Rights; Revocation of Assignment Subject to Assignee's Consent　　　　　 Where the obligee assigns its rights, it shall notify the obligor. Such assignment is not binding upon the obligor if notice was not given.

债权人转让权利的通知不得撤销，但经受让人同意的除外。
A notice of assignment of rights given by the obligee may not be revoked, except with the consent of the assignee.

第八十一条债权人转让权利的，受让人取得与债权有关的从权利，但该从权利专属于债权人自身的除外。
Article 81 Assumption of Incidental Right in Case of Assignment Where the obligee assigns a right, the assignee shall assume any incidental right associated with the obligee's right, except where such incidental right is exclusively personal to the obligee.

第八十二条债务人接到债权转让通知后，债务人对让与人的抗辩，可以向受让人主张。
Article 82 Assigned Rights Subject to Accrued Defenses of Obligor Upon receipt of the notice of assignment of the obligee's right, the obligor may, in respect of the assignee, avail itself of any defense it has against the assignor.

第八十三条债务人接到债权转让通知时，债务人对让与人享有债权，并且债务人的债权先于转让的债权到期或者同时到期的，债务人可以向受让人主张抵销。
Article 83 Availability of Set-off to Obligor Upon receipt of the notice of assignment of the obligee's right, if the obligor has any right to performance by the assignor which is due before or at the same time as the assigned obligee's right, the obligor may avail itself of any set-off against the assignee.

第八十四条债务人将合同的义务全部或者部分转移给第三人的，应当经债权人同意。
Article 84 Delegation of Obligations Subject to Consent by Obligee Where the obligor delegates its obligations under a contract in whole or in part to a third person, such delegation is subject to consent by the obligee.

第八十五条债务人转移义务的，新债务人可以主张原债务人对债权人的抗辩。
Article 85 Availability of Defenses to New Obligor Where the obligor has delegated an obligation, the new obligor may avail itself of any of the original obligor's defenses against the obligee.

第八十六条债务人转移义务的，新债务人应当承担与主债务有关的从债务，但该从债务专属于原债务人自身的除外。
Article 86 Assumption of Incidental Obligation in Case of Delegation 　　　　　Where the obligor delegates an obligation, the new obligor shall assume any incidental obligation associated with the main obligation, except where such incidental obligation is exclusively personal to the original obligor.

第八十七条法律、行政法规规定转让权利或者转移义务应当办理批准、登记等手续的，依照其规定。
Article 87 Assignment Subject to Approval Where the obligee's assignment of a right or the obligor's delegation of an obligation is subject to any procedure such as approval or registration, etc. as required by a relevant law or administrative regulation, such provision applies.

第八十八条当事人一方经对方同意，可以将自己在合同中的权利和义务一并转让给第三人。
Article 88 Concurrent Assignment and Delegation Upon consent by the other party, one party may concurrently assign its rights and delegate its obligations under a contract to a third person.

第八十九条权利和义务一并转让的，适用本法第七十九条、第八十一条至第八十三条、第八十五条至第八十七条的规定。
Article 89 Provisions Applicable to Concurrent Assignment Where a party concurrently assigns its rights and delegates its obligations, the provisions in Article 79, Articles 81 to 83, and Articles 85 to 87 apply.

第九十条当事人订立合同后合并的，由合并后的法人或者其他组织行使合同权利，履行合同义务。当事人订立合同后分立的，除债权人和债务人另有约定的以外，由分立的法人或者其他组织对合同的权利和义务享有连带债权，承担连带债务。
Article 90 Effect of Combination or Division of Contract Party Where a party has effected combination after it entered into a contract, the legal person or organization of any other nature resulting from the combination assumes the rights and obligations thereunder. Where a party has effected division after it entered into a contract, unless otherwise agreed by the obligee and obligor thereunder, the legal persons or other organizations resulting from the division jointly and severally assume the rights and obligations thereunder.

第六章 合同的权利义务终止
Chapter Six: Discharge of Contractual Rights and Obligations

第九十一条有下列情形之一的，合同的权利义务终止：
Article 91 Conditions for Discharge The rights and obligations under a contract are discharged in any of the following circumstances:

（一）债务已经按照约定履行；
(i) The obligations were performed in accordance with the contract;

（二）合同解除；
(ii) The contract was terminated;

（三）债务相互抵销；
(iii) The obligations were set off against each other;

（四）债务人依法将标的物提存；
(iv) The obligor placed the subject matter in escrow in accordance with the law;

（五）债权人免除债务；
(v) The obligee released the obligor from performance;

（六）债权债务同归于一人；
(vi) Both the obligee's rights and obligor's obligations were assumed by one party;

（七）法律规定或者当事人约定终止的其他情形。
(vii) Any other discharging circumstance provided by law or prescribed by the parties occurred.

第九十二条合同的权利义务终止后，当事人应当遵循诚实信用原则，根据交易习惯履行通知、协助、保密等义务。
Article 92 Post-discharge Obligations Upon discharge of the rights and obligations under a contract, the parties shall abide by the principle of good faith and perform obligations such as notification, assistance and confidentiality, etc. in accordance with the relevant usage.

第九十三条当事人协商一致，可以解除合同。
Article 93 Termination by Agreement; Termination Right The parties may terminate a contract if they have so agreed.

当事人可以约定一方解除合同的条件。解除合同的条件成就时，解除权人可以解除合同。
The parties may prescribe a condition under which one party is entitled to terminate the contract. Upon satisfaction of the condition for termination of the contract, the party with the termination right may terminate the contract.

第九十四条有下列情形之一的，当事人可以解除合同：
Article 94 Legally Prescribed Conditions Giving Rise to Termination Right The parties may terminate a contract if:

（一）因不可抗力致使不能实现合同目的；
(i) force majeure frustrated the purpose of the contract;

（二）在履行期限届满之前，当事人一方明确表示或者以自己的行为表明不履行主要债务；
(ii) before the time of performance, the other party expressly stated or indicated by its conduct that it will not perform its main obligations;

（三）当事人一方迟延履行主要债务，经催告后在合理期限内仍未履行；
(iii) the other party delayed performance of its main obligations, and failed to perform within a reasonable time after receiving demand for performance;

（四）当事人一方迟延履行债务或者有其他违约行为致使不能实现合同目的；
(iv) the other party delayed performance or otherwise breached the contract, thereby frustrating the purpose of the contract;

（五）法律规定的其他情形。
(v) any other circumstance provided by law occurred.

第九十五条法律规定或者当事人约定解除权行使期限，期限届满当事人不行使的，该权利消灭。
Article 95 Time Limit for Termination; Extinguishment of Termination Right Where the law or the parties prescribe a period for exercising termination right, failure by a party to exercise it at the end of the period shall extinguish such right.

法律没有规定或者当事人没有约定解除权行使期限，经对方催告后在合理期限内不行使的，该权利消灭。
Where neither the law nor the parties prescribe a period for exercising termination right, failure by a party to exercise it within a reasonable time after receiving demand from the other party shall extinguish such right.

第九十六条当事人一方依照本法第九十三条第二款、第九十四条的规定主张解除合同的，应当通知对方。合同自通知到达对方时解除。对方有异议的，可以请求人民法院或者仲裁机构确认解除合同的效力。
Article 96 Termination by Notification; Termination Subject to Approval The party availing itself of termination of a contract in accordance with Paragraph 2 of Article 93 and Article 94 hereof shall notify the other party. The contract is terminated when the notice reaches the other party. If the other party objects to the termination, the terminating party may petition the People's Court or an arbitration institution to affirm the validity of the termination.

法律、行政法规规定解除合同应当办理批准、登记等手续的，依照其规定。
Where termination of a contract is subject to any procedure such as approval or registration, etc. as required by a relevant law or administrative regulation, such provision applies.

第九十七条合同解除后，尚未履行的，终止履行；已经履行的，根据履行情况和合同性质，当事人可以要求恢复原状、采取其他补救措施，并有权要求赔偿损失。
Article 97 Remedies in Case of Termination Upon termination of a contract, a performance which has not been rendered is discharged; if a performance has been rendered, a party may, in light of the degree of performance and the nature of the contract, require the other party to restore the subject matter to its original condition or otherwise remedy the situation, and is entitled to claim damages.

第九十八条合同的权利义务终止，不影响合同中结算和清理条款的效力。
Article 98 Settlement and Winding-up Provisions Not Affected by Discharge Discharge of contractual rights and obligations does not affect the validity of contract provisions concerning settlement of account and winding-up.

第九十九条当事人互负到期债务，该债务的标的物种类、品质相同的，任何一方可以将自己的债务与对方的债务抵销，但依照法律规定或者按照合同性质不得抵销的除外。
Article 99 Set-off; Set-off Not Subject to Condition Where each party owes performance to the other party that is due, and the subject matters of the obligations are identical in type and quality, either party may set off its obligation against the obligation of the other party, except where set-off is prohibited by law or in light of the nature of the contract.

当事人主张抵销的，应当通知对方。通知自到达对方时生效。抵销不得附条件或者附期限。
The party availing itself of set-off shall notify the other party. The notice becomes effective when it reaches the other party. Set-off may not be subject to any condition or time limit.

第一百条当事人互负债务，标的物种类、品质不相同的，经双方协商一致，也可以抵销。
Article 100 Set-off Involving Non-identical Subject Matters Where each party owes performance to the other party that is due, and the subject matters of the obligations are not identical in type and quality, the parties may effect set-off by mutual agreement.

第一百零一条有下列情形之一，难以履行债务的，债务人可以将标的物提存：
Article 101 Conditions Giving Rise to Right to Place Subject Matter in Escrow Where any of the following circumstances makes it difficult to render performance, the obligor may place the subject matter in escrow:

（一）债权人无正当理由拒绝受领；
(i) The obligee refuses to take delivery of the subject matter without cause;

（二）债权人下落不明；
(ii) The obligee cannot be located;

（三）债权人死亡未确定继承人或者丧失民事行为能力未确定监护人；
(iii) The obligee is deceased or incapacitated, and his heir or guardian is not determined;

（四）法律规定的其他情形。
(iv) Any other circumstance provided by law occurs.

标的物不适于提存或者提存费用过高的，债务人依法可以拍卖或者变卖标的物，提存所得的价款。
Where the subject matter is not fit for escrow, or the escrow expenses will be excessive, the obligor may auction or liquidate the subject matter and place the proceeds in escrow.

第一百零二条标的物提存后，除债权人下落不明的以外，债务人应当及时通知债权人或者债权人的继承人、监护人。
Article 102 Duty to Notify in Case of Escrow After placing the subject matter in escrow, the obligor shall timely notify the obligee or his heir or guardian, except where the obligee cannot be located.

第一百零三条标的物提存后，毁损、灭失的风险由债权人承担。提存期间，标的物的孳息归债权人所有。提存费用由债权人负担。
Article 103 Risk of Loss; Fruits of Subject Matter Accrued during Escrow Once the subject matter is in escrow, the risk of its damage or loss is borne by the obligee. The fruits of the subject matter accrued during escrow belong to the obligee. Escrow expenses shall be borne by the obligee.

第一百零四条债权人可以随时领取提存物，但债权人对债务人负有到期债务的，在债权人未履行债务或者提供担保之前，提存部门根据债务人的要求应当拒绝其领取提存物。
Article 104 Taking Delivery of Subject Matter in Escrow Conditional upon Performance; Time Limit The obligee may take delivery of the subject matter in escrow at any time, provided that if the obligee owes performance toward the obligor that is due, prior to the obligee's performance or provision of assurance, the escrow agent shall reject the obligee's attempt to take delivery of the subject matter in escrow as required by the obligor.

债权人领取提存物的权利，自提存之日起五年内不行使而消灭，提存物扣除提存费用后归国家所有。
The right of the obligee to take delivery of the subject matter in escrow is extinguished if not exercised within five years, commencing on the date when the subject matter was placed in escrow. After deduction of escrow expenses, the subject matter in escrow shall be turned over to the state.

第一百零五条债权人免除债务人部分或者全部债务的，合同的权利义务部分或者全部终止。
Article 105 Release Where the obligee released the obligor from performance in part or in whole, the rights and obligations under the contract are discharged in part or in whole.

第一百零六条债权和债务同归于一人的，合同的权利义务终止，但涉及第三人利益的除外。
Article 106 Merger of Rights and Obligations If the same party assumed all the rights and obligations under a contract, the rights and obligations thereunder are discharged, except where the contract involves the interests of a third person.

第七章 违约责任
Chapter Seven: Liabilities for Breach of Contracts

第一百零七条当事人一方不履行合同义务或者履行合同义务不符合约定的，应当承担继续履行、采取补救措施或者赔偿损失等违约责任。
Article 107 Types of Liabilities for Breach If a party fails to perform its obligations under a contract, or rendered non-conforming performance, it shall bear the liabilities for breach of contract by specific performance, cure of non-conforming performance or payment of damages, etc.

第一百零八条当事人一方明确表示或者以自己的行为表明不履行合同义务的，对方可以在履行期限届满之前要求其承担违约责任。
Article 108 Anticipatory Breach Where one party expressly states or indicates by its conduct that it will not perform its obligations under a contract, the other party may hold it liable for breach of contract before the time of performance.

第一百零九条当事人一方未支付价款或者报酬的，对方可以要求其支付价款或者报酬。
Article 109 Monetary Specific Performance If a party fails to pay the price or remuneration, the other party may require payment thereof.

第一百一十条当事人一方不履行非金钱债务或者履行非金钱债务不符合约定的，对方可以要求履行，但有下列情形之一的除外：
Article 110 Non-monetary Specific Performance; Exceptions 　　　　　　　　　　　Where a party fails to perform, or rendered non-conforming performance of, a non-monetary obligation, the other party may require performance, except where:

（一）法律上或者事实上不能履行；
(i) performance is impossible in law or in fact;

（二）债务的标的不适于强制履行或者履行费用过高；
(ii) the subject matter of the obligation does not lend itself to enforcement by specific performance or the cost of performance is excessive;

（三）债权人在合理期限内未要求履行。
(iii) the obligee does not require performance within a reasonable time.

第一百一十一条质量不符合约定的，应当按照当事人的约定承担违约责任。对违约责任没有约定或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定的，受损害方根据标的的性质以及损失的大小，可以合理选择要求对方承担修理、更换、重作、退货、减少价款或者报酬等违约责任。
Article 111 Liabilities in Case of Quality Non-compliance Where a performance does not meet the prescribed quality requirements, the breaching party shall be liable for breach in accordance with the contract. Where the liabilities for breach were not prescribed or clearly prescribed, and cannot be determined in accordance with Article 61 hereof, the aggrieved party may, by reasonable election in light of the nature of the subject matter and the degree of loss, require the other party to assume liabilities for breach by way of repair, replacement, remaking, acceptance of returned goods, or reduction in price or remuneration, etc.

第一百一十二条当事人一方不履行合同义务或者履行合同义务不符合约定的，在履行义务或者采取补救措施后，对方还有其他损失的，应当赔偿损失。
Article 112 Liability for Damages Notwithstanding Subsequent Performance or Cure of Non-conforming Performance Where a party failed to perform or rendered non-conforming performance, if notwithstanding its subsequent performance or cure of non-conforming performance, the other party has sustained other loss, the breaching party shall pay damages.

第一百一十三条当事人一方不履行合同义务或者履行合同义务不符合约定，给对方造成损失的，损失赔偿额应当相当于因违约所造成的损失，包括合同履行后可以获得的利益，但不得超过违反合同一方订立合同时预见到或者应当预见到的因违反合同可能造成的损失。
Article 113 Calculation of Damages; Damages to Consumer Where a party failed to perform or rendered non-conforming performance, thereby causing loss to the other party, the amount of damages payable shall be equivalent to the other party's loss resulting from the breach, including any benefit that may be accrued from performance of the contract, provided that the amount shall not exceed the likely loss resulting from the breach which was foreseen or should have been foreseen by the breaching party at the time of conclusion of the contract.

经营者对消费者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的，依照《中华人民共和国消费者权益保护法》的规定承担损害赔偿责任。
Where a merchant engages in any fraudulent activity while supplying goods or services to a consumer, it is liable for damages in accordance with the Law of the People's Republic of China on Protection of Consumer Rights.

第一百一十四条当事人可以约定一方违约时应当根据违约情况向对方支付一定数额的违约金，也可以约定因违约产生的损失赔偿额的计算方法。
Article 114 Liquidated Damages; Adjustment; Continuing Performance Notwithstanding Payment of Liquidated Damages The parties may prescribe that if one party breaches the contract, it will pay a certain sum of liquidated damages to the other party in light of the degree of breach, or prescribe a method for calculation of damages for the loss resulting from a party's breach.

约定的违约金低于造成的损失的，当事人可以请求人民法院或者仲裁机构予以增加；约定的违约金过分高于造成的损失的，当事人可以请求人民法院或者仲裁机构予以适当减少。
Where the amount of liquidated damages prescribed is below the loss resulting from the breach, a party may petition the People's Court or an arbitration institution to increase the amount; where the amount of liquidated damages prescribed exceeds the loss resulting from the breach, a party may petition the People's Court or an arbitration institution to decrease the amount as appropriate.

当事人就迟延履行约定违约金的，违约方支付违约金后，还应当履行债务。
Where the parties prescribed liquidated damages for delayed performance, the breaching party shall, in addition to payment of the liquidated damages, render performance.

第一百一十五条当事人可以依照《中华人民共和国担保法》约定一方向对方给付定金作为债权的担保。债务人履行债务后，定金应当抵作价款或者收回。给付定金的一方不履行约定的债务的，无权要求返还定金；收受定金的一方不履行约定的债务的，应当双倍返还定金。
Article 115 Deposit The parties may prescribe that a party will give a deposit to the other party as assurance for the obligee's right to performance in accordance with the Security Law of the People's Republic of China. Upon performance by the obligor, the deposit shall be set off against the price or refunded to the obligor. If the party giving the deposit failed to perform its obligations under the contract, it is not entitled to claim refund of the deposit; where the party receiving the deposit failed to perform its obligations under the contract, it shall return to the other party twice the amount of the deposit.

第一百一十六条当事人既约定违约金，又约定定金的，一方违约时，对方可以选择适用违约金或者定金条款。
Article 116 Election Between Deposit or Liquidated Damages Clauses If the parties prescribed payment of both liquidated damages and a deposit, in case of breach by a party, the other party may elect in alternative to apply the liquidated damages clause or the deposit clause.

第一百一十七条因不可抗力不能履行合同的，根据不可抗力的影响，部分或者全部免除责任，但法律另有规定的除外。当事人迟延履行后发生不可抗力的，不能免除责任。
Article 117 Force Majeure A party who was unable to perform a contract due to force majeure is exempted from liability in part or in whole in light of the impact of the event of force majeure, except otherwise provided by law. Where an event of force majeure occurred after the party's delay in performance, it is not exempted from liability.

本法所称不可抗力，是指不能预见、不能避免并不能克服的客观情况。
For purposes of this Law, force majeure means any objective circumstance which is unforeseeable, unavoidable and insurmountable.

第一百一十八条当事人一方因不可抗力不能履行合同的，应当及时通知对方，以减轻可能给对方造成的损失，并应当在合理期限内提供证明。
Article 118 Duty to Notify in Case of Force Majeure If a party is unable to perform a contract due to force majeure, it shall timely notify the other party so as to mitigate the loss that may be caused to the other party, and shall provide proof of force majeure within a reasonable time.

第一百一十九条当事人一方违约后，对方应当采取适当措施防止损失的扩大；没有采取适当措施致使损失扩大的，不得就扩大的损失要求赔偿。
Article 119 Non-Breaching Party's Duty to Mitigate Loss in Case of Breach Where a party breached the contract, the other party shall take the appropriate measures to prevent further loss; where the other party sustained further loss due to its failure to take the appropriate measures, it may not claim damages for such further loss.

当事人因防止损失扩大而支出的合理费用，由违约方承担。
Any reasonable expense incurred by the other party in preventing further loss shall be borne by the breaching party.

第一百二十条当事人双方都违反合同的，应当各自承担相应的责任。
Article 120 Bilateral Breach In case of bilateral breach, the parties shall assume their respective liabilities accordingly.

第一百二十一条当事人一方因第三人的原因造成违约的，应当向对方承担违约责任。当事人一方和第三人之间的纠纷，依照法律规定或者按照约定解决。
Article 121 Breach Due to Act of Third Person Where a party's breach was attributable to a third person, it shall nevertheless be liable to the other party for breach. Any dispute between the party and such third person shall be resolved in accordance with the law or the agreement between the parties.

第一百二十二条因当事人一方的违约行为，侵害对方人身、财产权益的，受损害方有权选择依照本法要求其承担违约责任或者依照其他法律要求其承担侵权责任。
Article 122 Election of Remedy in Tort or in Contract Where a party's breach harmed the personal or property interests of the other party, the aggrieved party is entitled to elect to hold the party liable for breach of contract in accordance herewith, or hold the party liable for tort in accordance with any other relevant law.

第八章 其他规定
Chapter Eight: Other Provisions

第一百二十三条其他法律对合同另有规定的，依照其规定。
Article 123 Applicability of Other Laws Where another law provides otherwise in respect of a certain contract, such provisions prevail.

第一百二十四条本法分则或者其他法律没有明文规定的合同，适用本法总则的规定，并可以参照本法分则或者其他法律最相类似的规定。
Article 124 Applicability to Non-categorized Contracts 　　　　　　Where there is no express provision in the Specific Provisions hereof or any other law concerning a certain contract, the provisions in the General Principles hereof apply, and reference may be made to the provisions in the Specific Provisions hereof or any other law applicable to a contract which is most similar to such contract.

第一百二十五条当事人对合同条款的理解有争议的，应当按照合同所使用的词句、合同的有关条款、合同的目的、交易习惯以及诚实信用原则，确定该条款的真实意思。
Article 125 Contract Interpretation; Language Versions In case of any dispute between the parties concerning the construction of a contract term, the true meaning thereof shall be determined according to the words and sentences used in the contract, the relevant provisions and the purpose of the contract, and in accordance with the relevant usage and the principle of good faith.

合同文本采用两种以上文字订立并约定具有同等效力的，对各文本使用的词句推定具有相同含义。各文本使用的词句不一致的，应当根据合同的目的予以解释。
Where a contract was executed in two or more languages and it provides that all versions are equally authentic, the words and sentences in each version are construed to have the same meaning. In case of any discrepancy in the words or sentences used in the different language versions, they shall be interpreted in light of the purpose of the contract.

第一百二十六条涉外合同的当事人可以选择处理合同争议所适用的法律，但法律另有规定的除外。涉外合同的当事人没有选择的，适用与合同有最密切联系的国家的法律。
Article 126 Choice of Law in Foreign-related Contracts; Contracts Subject to Mandatory Application of Chinese Law 　　Parties to a foreign related contract may select the applicable law for resolution of a contractual dispute, except otherwise provided by law. Where parties to the foreign related contract failed to select the applicable law, the contract shall be governed by the law of the country with the closest connection thereto.

在中华人民共和国境内履行的中外合资经营企业合同、中外合作经营企业合同、中外合作勘探开发自然资源合同，适用中华人民共和国法律。
For a Sino-foreign Equity Joint Venture Enterprise Contract, Sino-foreign Cooperative Joint Venture Contract, or a Contract for Sino-foreign Joint Exploration and Development of Natural Resources which is performed within the territory of the People's Republic of China, the law of the People's Republic of China applies.

第一百二十七条工商行政管理部门和其他有关行政主管部门在各自的职权范围内，依照法律、行政法规的规定，对利用合同危害国家利益、社会公共利益的违法行为，负责监督处理；构成犯罪的，依法追究刑事责任。
Article 127 Role of Regulatory Authorities Within the scope of their respective duties, the authority for the administration of industry and commerce and other relevant authorities shall, in accordance with the relevant laws and administrative regulations, be responsible for monitoring and dealing with any illegal act which, through the conclusion of a contract, harms the state interests or the public interests; where such act constitutes a crime, criminal liability shall be imposed in accordance with the law.

第一百二十八条当事人可以通过和解或者调解解决合同争议。
Article 128 Dispute Resolution 　The parties may resolve a contractual dispute through settlement or mediation.

当事人不愿和解、调解或者和解、调解不成的，可以根据仲裁协议向仲裁机构申请仲裁。涉外合同的当事人可以根据仲裁协议向中国仲裁机构或者其他仲裁机构申请仲裁。当事人没有订立仲裁协议或者仲裁协议无效的，可以向人民法院起诉。当事人应当履行发生法律效力的判决、仲裁裁决、调解书；拒不履行的，对方可以请求人民法院执行。
Where the parties do not wish to, or are unable to, resolve such dispute through settlement or mediation, the dispute may be submitted to the relevant arbitration institution for arbitration in accordance with the arbitration agreement between the parties. Parties to a foreign related contract may apply to a Chinese arbitration institution or another arbitration institution for arbitration. Where the parties did not conclude an arbitration agreement, or the arbitration agreement is invalid, either party may bring a suit to the People's Court. The parties shall perform any judgment, arbitral award or mediation agreement which has taken legal effect; if a party refuses to perform, the other party may apply to the People's Court for enforcement.

第一百二十九条因国际货物买卖合同和技术进出口合同争议提起诉讼或者申请仲裁的期限为四年，自当事人知道或者应当知道其权利受到侵害之日起计算。因其他合同争议提起诉讼或者申请仲裁的期限，依照有关法律的规定。
Article 129 Time Limit for Action 　For a dispute arising from a contract for the international sale of goods or a technology import or export contract, the time limit for bringing a suit or applying for arbitration is four years, commencing on the date when the party knew or should have known that its rights were harmed. For a dispute arising from any other type of contract, the time limit for bringing a suit or applying for arbitration shall be governed by the relevant law.

分则
SPECIFIC PROVISIONS

第九章 买卖合同
Chapter Nine: Sales Contracts

第一百三十条买卖合同是出卖人转移标的物的所有权于买受人，买受人支付价款的合同。
Article 130 Definition of Sales Contract 　A sales contract is a contract whereby the seller transfers title to the subject matter to the buyer, who pays the price.

第一百三十一条买卖合同的内容除依照本法第十二条的规定以外，还可以包括包装方式、检验标准和方法、结算方式、合同使用的文字及其效力等条款。
Article 131 Additional Terms 　In addition to the terms set forth in Article 12 hereof, a sales contract may include terms such as packing method, inspection standard and inspection method, method of settlement of account, and the language versions of the contract and the authenticity thereof, etc.

第一百三十二条出卖的标的物，应当属于出卖人所有或者出卖人有权处分。
Article 132 Title or Disposal Power; Prohibition of or Restriction on Transfer 　The seller shall have title to, or the power to dispose of, the subject matter for sale.

法律、行政法规禁止或者限制转让的标的物，依照其规定。
Where a law or administrative regulation prohibits or restricts the transfer of the subject matter, such provision applies.

第一百三十三条标的物的所有权自标的物交付时起转移，但法律另有规定或者当事人另有约定的除外。
Article 133 Passing of Title 　Title to the subject matter passes at the time of its delivery, except otherwise provided by law or agreed by the parties.

第一百三十四条当事人可以在买卖合同中约定买受人未履行支付价款或者其他义务的，标的物的所有权属于出卖人。
Article 134 Conditional Sale 　The parties may prescribe in the sales contract that title to the subject matter remain in the seller until the buyer has paid the price or has performed other obligations.

第一百三十五条出卖人应当履行向买受人交付标的物或者交付提取标的物的单证，并转移标的物所有权的义务。
Article 135 Seller's Obligations with Respect to Title Transfer 　The seller shall perform the obligations of delivering to the buyer the subject matter or the document for taking delivery thereof, as well as transferring title to the subject matter.

第一百三十六条出卖人应当按照约定或者交易习惯向买受人交付提取标的物单证以外的有关单证和资料。
Article 136 Delivery of Related Materials by Seller 　In addition to the document for taking delivery, the seller shall deliver to the buyer documents and materials related to the subject matter in accordance with the contract or in accordance with the relevant usage.

第一百三十七条出卖具有知识产权的计算机软件等标的物的，除法律另有规定或者当事人另有约定的以外，该标的物的知识产权不属于买受人。
Article 137 Sales Involving Intellectual Property 　In a sale of any subject matter which contains intellectual property such as computer software, etc., the intellectual property in the subject matter does not vest in the buyer, except otherwise provided by law or agreed by the parties.

第一百三十八条出卖人应当按照约定的期限交付标的物。约定交付期间的，出卖人可以在该交付期间内的任何时间交付。
Article 138 Time of Delivery 　The seller shall deliver the subject matter at the prescribed time. Where the contract prescribes a period during which delivery is to take place, the seller may deliver at any time during the delivery period.

第一百三十九条当事人没有约定标的物的交付期限或者约定不明确的，适用本法第六十一条、第六十二条第四项的规定。
Article 139 Absence of Provision for Time of Delivery 　Where the time for delivery of the subject matter was not prescribed or clearly prescribed, Article 61 and Item 4 of Article 62 apply.

第一百四十条标的物在订立合同之前已为买受人占有的，合同生效的时间为交付时间。
Article 140 Time of Delivery of Subject Matter Already in Buyer's Possession 　　　Where the subject matter was in buyer's possession prior to conclusion of the contract, the time when the contract becomes effective is the time of delivery.

第一百四十一条出卖人应当按照约定的地点交付标的物。
Article 141 Absence of Provision for Place of Delivery 　The seller shall deliver the subject matter at the prescribed place.

当事人没有约定交付地点或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定的，适用下列规定：
Where the place of delivery was not prescribed or clearly prescribed, and cannot be determined in accordance with Article 61 hereof, the following provisions apply:

（一）标的物需要运输的，出卖人应当将标的物交付给第一承运人以运交给买受人；
(i) If the subject matter needs carriage, the seller shall deliver the subject matter to the first carrier for transmission to the buyer;

（二）标的物不需要运输，出卖人和买受人订立合同时知道标的物在某一地点的，出卖人应当在该地点交付标的物；不知道标的物在某一地点的，应当在出卖人订立合同时的营业地交付标的物。
(ii) Where the subject matter does not need carriage, if at the time of conclusion of the contract, the buyer and the seller knew the subject matter was at a particular place, the seller shall deliver the subject matter at such place; and if they did not know the location of the subject matter, delivery shall take place at the seller's place of business at the time of conclusion of the contract.

第一百四十二条标的物毁损、灭失的风险，在标的物交付之前由出卖人承担，交付之后由买受人承担，但法律另有规定或者当事人另有约定的除外。
Article 142 Passing of Risk 　The risk of damage to or loss of the subject matter is borne by the seller prior to delivery, and by the buyer after delivery, except otherwise provided by law or agreed by the parties.

第一百四十三条因买受人的原因致使标的物不能按照约定的期限交付的，买受人应当自违反约定之日起承担标的物毁损、灭失的风险。
Article 143 Risk Allocation in Case of Delayed Delivery 　Where the subject matter was not delivered at the prescribed time due to any reason attributable to the buyer, the buyer shall bear the risk of damage to or loss of the subject matter as from the date of breach.

第一百四十四条出卖人出卖交由承运人运输的在途标的物，除当事人另有约定的以外，毁损、灭失的风险自合同成立时起由买受人承担。
Article 144 Risk Allocation for Subject Matter in Transit 　Where the seller sells the subject matter which has been delivered to a carrier for transportation and is in transit, unless otherwise agreed by the parties, the risk of damage or loss is borne by the buyer as from the time of formation of the contract.

第一百四十五条当事人没有约定交付地点或者约定不明确，依照本法第一百四十一条第二款第一项的规定标的物需要运输的，出卖人将标的物交付给第一承运人后，标的物毁损、灭失的风险由买受人承担。
Article 145 Passing of Risk in Case of Seller Arranged Carriage 　Where the place of delivery was not prescribed or clearly prescribed, if the subject matter needs carriage as provided in Item (i) of Paragraph 2 of Article 141, the risk of damage to or loss of the subject matter is borne by the buyer as from the time the seller delivers the subject matter to the first carrier.

第一百四十六条出卖人按照约定或者依照本法第一百四十一条第二款第二项的规定将标的物置于交付地点，买受人违反约定没有收取的，标的物毁损、灭失的风险自违反约定之日起由买受人承担。
Article 146 Risk Allocation in Case of Delay in Taking Delivery 　Where the seller placed the subject matter at the place of delivery in accordance with the contract or in accordance with Item (ii) of Paragraph 2 of Article 141 hereof and the buyer fails to take delivery in breach of the contract, the risk of damage to or loss of the subject matter is borne by the buyer as from the date of breach.

第一百四十七条出卖人按照约定未交付有关标的物的单证和资料的，不影响标的物毁损、灭失风险的转移。
Article 147 Passing of Risk Notwithstanding Failure to Deliver Documents 　　Failure by the seller to deliver the documents and materials relating to the subject matter in accordance with the contract does not affect passing of the risk of damage to or loss of the subject matter.

第一百四十八条因标的物质量不符合质量要求，致使不能实现合同目的的，买受人可以拒绝接受标的物或者解除合同。买受人拒绝接受标的物或者解除合同的，标的物毁损、灭失的风险由出卖人承担。
Article 148 Rejection on Grounds of Quality Non-compliance; Risk Allocation in Case of Rejection 　　　Where the purpose of the contract is frustrated due to failure of the subject matter to meet the quality requirements, the buyer may reject the subject matter or terminate the contract. If the buyer rejects the subject matter or terminates the contract, the risk of damage to or loss of the subject matter is borne by the seller.

第一百四十九条标的物毁损、灭失的风险由买受人承担的，不影响因出卖人履行债务不符合约定，买受人要求其承担违约责任的权利。
Article 149 Right to Remedy Notwithstanding Assumption of Risk 　Buyer's assumption of the risk of damage to or loss of the subject matter does not prejudice its right to hold the seller liable for breach of contract if the seller rendered non-conforming performance.

第一百五十条出卖人就交付的标的物，负有保证第三人不得向买受人主张任何权利的义务，但法律另有规定的除外。
Article 150 Third Party Claim Warranty 　　The seller is obligated to warrant that the buyer will be free from any third party claim against it in respect of the subject matter delivered, except otherwise provided by law.

第一百五十一条买受人订立合同时知道或者应当知道第三人对买卖的标的物享有权利的，出卖人不承担本法第一百五十条规定的义务。
Article 151 Buyer's Knowledge Releasing Third Party Claim Warranty 　　Where the buyer knew or should have known that the subject matter was subject to a third party claim at the time of conclusion of the contract, the seller does not assume the obligation prescribed in Article 150 hereof.

第一百五十二条买受人有确切证据证明第三人可能就标的物主张权利的，可以中止支付相应的价款，但出卖人提供适当担保的除外。
Article 152 Right to Withhold Payment in Case of Third Party Claim 　　Where the buyer has conclusive evidence establishing that a third person may make a claim on the subject matter, it may withhold payment of the corresponding price, except where the seller has provided appropriate assurance.

第一百五十三条出卖人应当按照约定的质量要求交付标的物。出卖人提供有关标的物质量说明的，交付的标的物应当符合该说明的质量要求。
Article 153 Quality Specifications 　The seller shall deliver the subject matter in compliance with the prescribed quality requirements. Where the seller gave quality specifications for the subject matter, the subject matter delivered shall comply with the quality requirements set forth therein.

第一百五十四条当事人对标的物的质量要求没有约定或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定的，适用本法第六十二条第一项的规定。
Article 154 Absence of Prescribed Quality Requirements 　　Where the quality requirements for the subject matter were not prescribed or clearly prescribed, and cannot be determined in accordance with Article 61 hereof, Item (i) of Article 62 hereof applies.

第一百五十五条出卖人交付的标的物不符合质量要求的，买受人可以依照本法第一百一十一条的规定要求承担违约责任。
Article 155 Quality Non-compliance Giving Rise to Claims 　　If the subject matter delivered by the seller fails to comply with the quality requirements, the buyer may hold the seller liable for breach of contract in accordance with Article 111 hereof.

第一百五十六条出卖人应当按照约定的包装方式交付标的物。对包装方式没有约定或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定的，应当按照通用的方式包装，没有通用方式的，应当采取足以保护标的物的包装方式。
Article 156 Packing Method 　　The seller shall deliver the subject matter packed in the prescribed manner. Where a packing method was not prescribed or clearly prescribed, and cannot be determined in accordance with Article 61 hereof, the subject matter shall be packed in a customary manner, or, if there is no customary manner, in a manner adequate to protect the subject matter.

第一百五十七条买受人收到标的物时应当在约定的检验期间内检验。没有约定检验期间的，应当及时检验。
Article 157 Inspection upon Receipt of Subject Matter 　　Upon receipt of the subject matter, the buyer shall inspect it within the prescribed inspection period. Where no inspection period was prescribed, the buyer shall timely inspect the subject matter.

第一百五十八条当事人约定检验期间的，买受人应当在检验期间内将标的物的数量或者质量不符合约定的情形通知出卖人。买受人怠于通知的，视为标的物的数量或者质量符合约定。
Article 158 Consequence of Failure to Inspect; Exceptions 　　Where an inspection period was prescribed, the buyer shall notify the seller of any non-compliance in quantity or quality of the subject matter within such inspection period. Where the buyer delayed in notifying the seller, the quantity or quality of the subject matter is deemed to comply with the contract.

当事人没有约定检验期间的，买受人应当在发现或者应当发现标的物的数量或者质量不符合约定的合理期间内通知出卖人。买受人在合理期间内未通知或者自标的物收到之日起两年内未通知出卖人的，视为标的物的数量或者质量符合约定，但对标的物有质量保证期的，适用质量保证期，不适用该两年的规定。
Where no inspection period was prescribed, the buyer shall notify the seller within a reasonable period, commencing on the date when the buyer discovered or should have discovered the quantity or quality non-compliance. If the buyer fails to notify within a reasonable period or fails to notify within 2 years, commencing on the date when it received the subject matter, the quantity or quality of the subject matter is deemed to comply with the contract, except that if there is a warranty period in respect of the subject matter, the warranty period applies and supersedes such two year period.

出卖人知道或者应当知道提供的标的物不符合约定的，买受人不受前两款规定的通知时间的限制。
Where the seller knew or should have known the non-compliance of the subject matter, the buyer is not subject to the time limits for notification prescribed in the previous two paragraphs.

第一百五十九条买受人应当按照约定的数额支付价款。对价款没有约定或者约定不明确的，适用本法第六十一条、第六十二条第二项的规定。
Article 159 Absence of Price Provision 　　The buyer shall pay the price in the prescribed amount. Where the price was not prescribed or clearly prescribed, the provisions of Article 61 and Item (ii) of Article 62 apply.

第一百六十条买受人应当按照约定的地点支付价款。对支付地点没有约定或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定的，买受人应当在出卖人的营业地支付，但约定支付价款以交付标的物或者交付提取标的物单证为条件的，在交付标的物或者交付提取标的物单证的所在地支付。
Article 160 Place of Payment 　　The buyer shall pay the price at the prescribed place. Where the place of payment was not prescribed or clearly prescribed, and cannot be determined in accordance with Article 61 hereof, the buyer shall make payment at the seller's place of business, provided that if the parties agreed that payment shall be conditional upon delivery of the subject matter or the document for taking delivery thereof, payment shall be made at the place where the subject matter, or the document for taking delivery thereof, is delivered.

第一百六十一条买受人应当按照约定的时间支付价款。对支付时间没有约定或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定的，买受人应当在收到标的物或者提取标的物单证的同时支付。
Article 161 Time of Payment 　　The buyer shall pay the price at the prescribed time. Where the time for payment was not prescribed or clearly prescribed, and cannot be determined in accordance with Article 61 hereof, the buyer shall make payment at the same time it receives the subject matter or the document for taking delivery thereof.

第一百六十二条出卖人多交标的物的，买受人可以接收或者拒绝接收多交的部分。买受人接收多交部分的，按照合同的价格支付价款；买受人拒绝接收多交部分的，应当及时通知出卖人。
Article 162 Buyer's Option in Case Delivered Quantity Exceeds Prescribed Amount 　　Where the seller delivered the subject matter in a quantity greater than that prescribed in the contract, the buyer may accept or reject the excess quantity. Where the buyer accepts the excess quantity, it shall pay the price based on the contract rate; where the buyer rejects the excess quantity, it shall timely notify the seller.

第一百六十三条标的物在交付之前产生的孳息，归出卖人所有，交付之后产生的孳息，归买受人所有。
Article 163 Title to Fruits Before and After Delivery 　　The fruits of the subject matter belong to the seller if accrued before delivery, and to the buyer if accrued after delivery.

第一百六十四条因标的物的主物不符合约定而解除合同的，解除合同的效力及于从物。因标的物的从物不符合约定被解除的，解除的效力不及于主物。
Article 164 Effect of Termination on Grounds of Non-compliance of Main or Ancillary Components 　　Where a contract is terminated due to non-compliance of any main component of the subject matter, the effect of termination extends to the ancillary components. Where the contract is terminated due to non-compliance of any ancillary component of the subject matter, the effect of termination does not extend to the main components.

第一百六十五条标的物为数物，其中一物不符合约定的，买受人可以就该物解除，但该物与他物分离使标的物的价值显受损害的，当事人可以就数物解除合同。
Article 165 Termination in Part or in Whole 　　Where the subject matter comprises of a number of components, one of which does not comply with the contract, the buyer may terminate the portion of the contract in respect of such component, provided that if severance of such component with the other components will significantly diminish the value of the subject matter, the party may terminate the contract in respect of such number of components.

第一百六十六条出卖人分批交付标的物的，出卖人对其中一批标的物不交付或者交付不符合约定，致使该批标的物不能实现合同目的的，买受人可以就该批标的物解除。
Article 166 Effect of Termination in Case of Delivery in Installments 　　Where the seller is to deliver the subject matter in installments, if the seller's failure to deliver or non-conforming delivery of one installment frustrates the purpose of the contract in respect of such installment, the buyer may terminate the portion of the contract in respect thereof.

出卖人不交付其中一批标的物或者交付不符合约定，致使今后其他各批标的物的交付不能实现合同目的的，买受人可以就该批以及今后其他各批标的物解除。
If the seller's failure to deliver or non-conforming delivery of one installment frustrates the purpose of the contract in respect of all subsequent installments notwithstanding their delivery, the buyer may terminate the portion of the contract in respect of such installment as well as any subsequent installment.

买受人如果就其中一批标的物解除，该批标的物与其他各批标的物相互依存的，可以就已经交付和未交付的各批标的物解除。
If the buyer is to terminate the portion of the contract in respect of a particular installment which is interdependent with all other installments, it may terminate the contract in respect of all delivered and undelivered installments.

第一百六十七条分期付款的买受人未支付到期价款的金额达到全部价款的五分之一的，出卖人可以要求买受人支付全部价款或者解除合同。出卖人解除合同的，可以向买受人要求支付该标的物的使用费。
Article 167 Termination in Case of Sale by Installment Payment 　　In a sale by installment payment, where the buyer failed to make payments as they became due, if the delinquent amount has reached one fifth of the total price, the seller may require payment of the full price from the buyer or terminate the contract. If the seller terminates the contract, it may require the buyer to pay a fee for its use of the subject matter.

第一百六十八条凭样品买卖的当事人应当封存样品，并可以对样品质量予以说明。出卖人交付的标的物应当与样品及其说明的质量相同。
Article 168 Quality Provisions in Case of Sale by Sample 　　In a sale by sample, the parties shall place the sample under seal, and may specify the quality of the sample. The subject matter delivered by the seller shall comply with the sample as well as the quality specifications.

第一百六十九条凭样品买卖的买受人不知道样品有隐蔽瑕疵的，即使交付的标的物与样品相同，出卖人交付的标的物的质量仍然应当符合同种物的通常标准。
Article 169 Latent Defect in Sample 　　In a sale by sample, if the buyer was not aware of a latent defect in the sample, the subject matter delivered by the seller shall nevertheless comply with the normal quality standard for a like item, even though the subject matter delivered complies with the sample.

第一百七十条试用买卖的当事人可以约定标的物的试用期间。对试用期间没有约定或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定的，由出卖人确定。
Article 170 Sale by Trial 　　In a sale by trial, the parties may prescribe the trial period. Where a trial period was not prescribed or clearly prescribed, and cannot be determined in accordance with Article 61 hereof, it shall be determined by the seller.

第一百七十一条试用买卖的买受人在试用期内可以购买标的物，也可以拒绝购买。试用期间届满，买受人对是否购买标的物未作表示的，视为购买。
Article 171 Purchase or Rejection During Trial Period 　　In a sale by trial, the buyer may either purchase or reject the subject matter during the trial period. At the end of the trial period, the buyer is deemed to have made the purchase if it fails to manifest its intention to purchase or reject the subject matter.

第一百七十二条招标投标买卖的当事人的权利和义务以及招标投标程序等，依照有关法律、行政法规的规定。
Article 172 Sale by Tender Governed by Relevant Laws 　　In a sale by tender, matters such as the rights and obligations of the parties and the tendering procedure, etc. are governed by the relevant laws and administrative regulations.

第一百七十三条拍卖的当事人的权利和义务以及拍卖程序等，依照有关法律、行政法规的规定。
Article 173 Sale by Auction Governed by Relevant Laws 　　In a sale by auction, matters such as the rights and obligations of the parties and the auctioning procedure, etc. are governed by the relevant laws and administrative regulations.

第一百七十四条法律对其他有偿合同有规定的，依照其规定；没有规定的，参照买卖合同的有关规定。
Article 174 General Applicability to Contracts for Value 　　For any other contract for value, if the law provides for such contract, such provisions apply; absent any such provision, reference shall be made to the relevant provisions governing sales contracts.

第一百七十五条当事人约定易货交易，转移标的物的所有权的，参照买卖合同的有关规定。
Article 175 Applicability to Barter Transaction 　　Where the parties agree on a barter transaction involving transfer of title to the subject matters, such transaction shall be governed by reference to the relevant provisions governing sales contracts.

第十章 供用电、水、气、热力合同
Chapter Ten: Contracts for Supply of Power, Water, Gas , Or Heat

第一百七十六条供用电合同是供电人向用电人供电，用电人支付电费的合同。
Article 176 Definition of Power Supply Contract 　　A power supply contract is a contract whereby the power supplier supplies power to the power customer, who pays the electricity charge.

第一百七十七条供用电合同的内容包括供电的方式、质量、时间，用电容量、地址、性质，计量方式，电价、电费的结算方式，供用电设施的维护责任等条款。
Article 177 Terms of Power Supply Contract 　　A power supply contract includes terms such as the method, quality, and time of power supply, and the capacity, location and nature of power use, and the metering method, electricity rate, the method of settlement of electricity charge, and the responsibility for maintenance of the power supply and power use facilities, etc.

第一百七十八条供用电合同的履行地点，按照当事人约定；当事人没有约定或者约定不明确的，供电设施的产权分界处为履行地点。
Article 178 Place of Performance of Power Supply Contract 　　The place of performance of a power supply contract shall be the place prescribed by the parties, and if not prescribed or clearly prescribed, the place of performance shall be the boundary where ownership of the power supply facilities is divided.

第一百七十九条供电人应当按照国家规定的供电质量标准和约定安全供电。供电人未按照国家规定的供电质量标准和约定安全供电，造成用电人损失的，应当承担损害赔偿责任。
Article 179 Obligations of Power Supplier 　　The power supplier shall supply power in a safe manner in accordance with the power supply quality standard mandated by the state and in accordance with the contract. Where the power supplier failed to supply power in a safe manner in accordance with the power supply quality standard mandated by the state and in accordance with the contract, thereby causing loss to the power customer, it shall be liable for damages.

第一百八十条供电人因供电设施计划检修、临时检修、依法限电或者用电人违法用电等原因，需要中断供电时，应当按照国家有关规定事先通知用电人。未事先通知用电人中断供电，造成用电人损失的，应当承担损害赔偿责任。
Article 180 Obligation to Notify in Case of Scheduled Suspension 　　Where the power supplier needs to suspend power supply due to reasons such as periodical maintenance or provisional maintenance of the power supply facilities, legally required power rationing, or illegal use of power by the power customer, etc., it shall notify the power customer in advance in accordance with the relevant stipulations of the state. Where the power supplier suspended power supply without notifying the power customer in advance, thereby causing loss to the power customer, it shall be liable for damages.

第一百八十一条因自然灾害等原因断电，供电人应当按照国家有关规定及时抢修。未及时抢修，造成用电人损失的，应当承担损害赔偿责任。
Article 181 Obligation to Make Emergency Repair in Case of Power Outage 　　Where a power outage is caused by reasons such as natural disasters, etc., the power supplier shall timely make emergency repair in accordance with the relevant stipulations of the state. Where the power supplier failed to timely make emergency repair, thereby causing loss to the power customer, it shall be liable for damages.

第一百八十二条用电人应当按照国家有关规定和当事人的约定及时交付电费。用电人逾期不交付电费的，应当按照约定支付违约金。经催告用电人在合理期限内仍不交付电费和违约金的，供电人可以按照国家规定的程序中止供电。
Article 182 Payment of Electricity Charge 　　The power customer shall timely pay the electricity charge in accordance with the relevant stipulations of the state and in accordance with the contract. Where the power customer delayed in paying the electricity charge, it shall pay liquidated damages in accordance with the contract. Where the power customer failed to pay the electricity charge and liquidated damages within a reasonable time after receiving demand for payment, the power supplier may shut off the power supply in accordance with the procedure prescribed by the state.

第一百八十三条用电人应当按照国家有关规定和当事人的约定安全用电。用电人未按照国家有关规定和当事人的约定安全用电，造成供电人损失的，应当承担损害赔偿责任。
Article 183 Power Customer's Obligation of Proper Use 　　The power customer shall use power in a safe manner in accordance with the relevant stipulations of the state and in accordance with the contract. Where the power customer failed to use power in a safe manner in accordance with the relevant stipulations of the state and in accordance with the contract, thereby causing loss to the power supplier, it shall be liable for damages.

第一百八十四条供用水、供用气、供用热力合同，参照供用电合同的有关规定。
Article 184 Applicability to Contract for Supply of Water, Gas or Heat 　　A contract for the supply of water, gas or heat shall be governed by reference to the relevant provisions governing power supply contracts.

第十一章 赠与合同
Chapter Eleven: Gift Contracts

第一百八十五条赠与合同是赠与人将自己的财产无偿给予受赠人，受赠人表示接受赠与的合同。
Article 185 Definition of Gift Contract 　　A gift contract is a contract whereby the donor conveys his property to the donee without reward and the donee manifests his acceptance of the gift.

第一百八十六条赠与人在赠与财产的权利转移之前可以撤销赠与。
Article 186 Revocation Prior to Transfer of Rights; Exception 　　Prior to the transfer of rights to the gift property, the donor may revoke the gift.

具有救灾、扶贫等社会公益、道德义务性质的赠与合同或者经过公证的赠与合同，不适用前款规定。
The previous paragraph does not apply to any gift contract the nature of which serves public interests or fulfills a moral obligation, such as disaster relief, poverty relief, etc., or any gift contract which has been notarized.

第一百八十七条赠与的财产依法需要办理登记等手续的，应当办理有关手续。
Article 187 Observance of Conveyance Procedure 　　Where conveyance of the gift property is subject to any procedure such as registration, etc. under the law, the relevant procedure shall be carried out.

第一百八十八条具有救灾、扶贫等社会公益、道德义务性质的赠与合同或者经过公证的赠与合同，赠与人不交付赠与的财产的，受赠人可以要求交付。
Article 188 Donee's Right to Require Delivery in Certain Cases 　　In the case of a gift contract the nature of which serves public interests or fulfills a moral obligation, such as disaster relief, poverty relief, etc., or a gift contract which has been notarized, if the donor fails to deliver the gift property, the donee may require delivery.

第一百八十九条因赠与人故意或者重大过失致使赠与的财产毁损、灭失的，赠与人应当承担损害赔偿责任。
Article 189 Liability of Donor for Misconduct or Gross Negligence 　　Where the gift property is damaged or lost due to any intentional misconduct or gross negligence of the donor, he shall be liable for damages.

第一百九十条赠与可以附义务。
Article 190 Gift May Be Subject to Obligations 　　A gift may be subject to obligations.

赠与附义务的，受赠人应当按照约定履行义务。
Where the gift is subject to obligations, the donee shall perform his obligations in accordance with the contract.

第一百九十一条赠与的财产有瑕疵的，赠与人不承担责任。附义务的赠与，赠与的财产有瑕疵的，赠与人在附义务的限度内承担与出卖人相同的责任。
Article 191 Donor Not Liable for Defect; Exceptions 　　The donor is not liable for any defect in the gift property. Where the gift is subject to obligations, and the gift property is defective, the donor has the same warranty obligations as a seller to the extent of the prescribed obligations.

赠与人故意不告知瑕疵或者保证无瑕疵，造成受赠人损失的，应当承担损害赔偿责任。
Where the donor intentionally omitted to inform the donee of the defect or warranted the absence of any defect, thereby causing loss to the donee, he shall be liable for damages.

第一百九十二条受赠人有下列情形之一的，赠与人可以撤销赠与：
Article 192 Circumstances Giving Rise to Revocation Right 　　Where the donee is in any of the following circumstances, the donor may revoke the gift:

（一）严重侵害赠与人或者赠与人的近亲属；
(i) seriously harming the donor or any immediate family member thereof;

（二）对赠与人有扶养义务而不履行；
(ii) failing to perform support obligations owed to the donor;

（三）不履行赠与合同约定的义务。
(iii) failing to perform the obligations under the gift contract.

赠与人的撤销权，自知道或者应当知道撤销原因之日起一年内行使。
The donor shall exercise his revocation right within one year after he became, or should have become, aware of the cause for revocation.

第一百九十三条因受赠人的违法行为致使赠与人死亡或者丧失民事行为能力的，赠与人的继承人或者法定代理人可以撤销赠与。
Article 193 Exercise of Revocation Right by Heir 　　Where the donor is deceased or incapacitated due to the donee's illegal act, his heir or legal agent may revoke the gift.

赠与人的继承人或者法定代理人的撤销权，自知道或者应当知道撤销原因之日起六个月内行使。
The heir or legal agent of the donor shall exercise the right of revocation within six months after he became, or should have become, aware of the cause for revocation.

第一百九十四条撤销权人撤销赠与的，可以向受赠人要求返还赠与的财产。
Article 194 Remedies in Case of Revocation 　　Upon revocation of the gift, the person with the revocation right may claim restitution of the gift property from the donee.

第一百九十五条赠与人的经济状况显著恶化，严重影响其生产经营或者家庭生活的，可以不再履行赠与义务。
Article 195 Economic Hardship Releases Gift Obligation 　　If the donor's economic situation has deteriorated significantly, thereby seriously impacting on his business operation or family life, he may be released from the gift obligations.

第十二章 借款合同
Chapter Twelve: Contracts for Loan of Money

第一百九十六条借款合同是借款人向贷款人借款，到期返还借款并支付利息的合同。
Article 196 Definition of Contract for Loan of Money 　　A contract for loan of money is a contract whereby the borrower borrows a sum of money from the lender, and returns the sum borrowed and pays interest thereon at the prescribed time.

第一百九十七条借款合同采用书面形式，但自然人之间借款另有约定的除外。
Article 197 Writing Requirement; Terms 　　A contract for loan of money shall be in writing, except where the loan is between natural persons who have agreed otherwise.

借款合同的内容包括借款种类、币种、用途、数额、利率、期限和还款方式等条款。
A contract for loan of money includes terms such as the loan's type, currency, purpose, amount, interest rate, term and method of repayment, etc.

第一百九十八条订立借款合同，贷款人可以要求借款人提供担保。担保依照《中华人民共和国担保法》的规定。
Article 198 Assurance by Borrower 　　In entering into a contract for loan of money, the lender may require the borrower to provide assurance. Such assurance shall be arranged in accordance with the Security Law of the People's Republic of China.

第一百九十九条订立借款合同，借款人应当按照贷款人的要求提供与借款有关的业务活动和财务状况的真实情况。
Article 199 Borrower's Disclosure Obligation 　　In entering into a contract for loan of money, the borrower shall provide true information concerning its business operation and financial condition in connection with the loan as required by the lender.

第二百条借款的利息不得预先在本金中扣除。利息预先在本金中扣除的，应当按照实际借款数额返还借款并计算利息。
Article 200 Deduction of Interest in Advance Prohibited 　　No interest shall be deducted from the principal in advance. Where any interest amount is deducted from the principal in advance, the repayment of principal and calculation of interest shall be based on the actual amount borrowed.

第二百零一条贷款人未按照约定的日期、数额提供借款，造成借款人损失的，应当赔偿损失。
Article 201 Remedies in Case of Failure to Make Loan Amount Available Or Failure to Draw Down 　　Where the lender failed to make the loan amount available on the prescribed date and in the prescribed amount, thereby causing loss to the borrower, it shall pay damages.

借款人未按照约定的日期、数额收取借款的，应当按照约定的日期、数额支付利息。
Where the borrower failed to draw down on the prescribed date and in the prescribed amount, it shall nevertheless pay the interest on the prescribed date and in the prescribed amount.

第二百零二条贷款人按照约定可以检查、监督借款的使用情况。借款人应当按照约定向贷款人定期提供有关财务会计报表等资料。
Article 202 Lender Entitled to Monitor Use of Proceeds 　　The lender may examine and monitor the application of the proceeds in accordance with the contract. The borrower shall periodically provide the lender with materials such as related financial and accounting reports, etc. in accordance with the contract.

第二百零三条借款人未按照约定的借款用途使用借款的，贷款人可以停止发放借款、提前收回借款或者解除合同。
Article 203 Lender's Remedies in Case of Borrower's Misuse of Proceeds 　　Where the borrower fails to use the proceeds for the prescribed purpose, the lender may withhold funding, call the loan, or terminate the contract.

第二百零四条办理贷款业务的金融机构贷款的利率，应当按照中国人民银行规定的贷款利率的上下限确定。
Article 204 Minimum and Maximum Interest Rates 　　The interest rate on the loan provided by a financial institution engaged in lending operation shall be prescribed between the minimum and maximum rates mandated by the People's Bank of China.

第二百零五条借款人应当按照约定的期限支付利息。对支付利息的期限没有约定或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定，借款期间不满一年的，应当在返还借款时一并支付；借款期间一年以上的，应当在每届满一年时支付，剩余期间不满一年的，应当在返还借款时一并支付。
Article 205 Time of Interest Payment 　　The borrower shall pay the interest at the prescribed time. Where the time of interest payment was not prescribed or clearly prescribed, and cannot be determined in accordance with Article 61 hereof, if the loan term is less than one year, the interest shall be paid together with the principal at the time of repayment; if the loan term is one year or longer, the interest shall be paid at the end of each annual period, and where the remaining period is less than one year, the interest shall be paid together with the principal at the time of repayment.

第二百零六条借款人应当按照约定的期限返还借款。对借款期限没有约定或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定的，借款人可以随时返还；贷款人可以催告借款人在合理期限内返还。
Article 206 Time of Principal Repayment 　　The borrower shall repay the principal at the prescribed time. Where the time of repayment was not prescribed or clearly prescribed, and cannot be determined in accordance with Article 61 hereof, the borrower may repay at any time; and the lender may demand repayment from the borrower within a reasonable time.

第二百零七条借款人未按照约定的期限返还借款的，应当按照约定或者国家有关规定支付逾期利息。
Article 207 Delayed Repayment Interest 　　Where the borrower failed to repay the loan at the prescribed time, it shall pay delayed repayment interest in accordance with the contract or the relevant stipulations of the state.

第二百零八条借款人提前偿还借款的，除当事人另有约定的以外，应当按照实际借款的期间计算利息。
Article 208 Calculation of Interest in Case of Prepayment 　　Where the borrower prepays the loan, unless otherwise agreed by the parties, the interest shall be calculated based on the actual period of loan.

第二百零九条借款人可以在还款期限届满之前向贷款人申请展期。贷款人同意的，可以展期。
Article 209 Extension of Loan Term 　　The borrower may apply to the lender for extension of the loan term before its maturity. Upon consent by the lender, the loan term may be extended.

第二百一十条自然人之间的借款合同，自贷款人提供借款时生效。
Article 210 Time of Effectiveness of Loan Contract between Natural Persons 　　A contract for loan of money between natural persons becomes effective at the time the lender makes the loan amount available.

第二百一十一条自然人之间的借款合同对支付利息没有约定或者约定不明确的，视为不支付利息。
Article 211 Interest under Loan Contract between Natural Persons 　　Under a contract for loan of money between natural persons, if payment of interest was not prescribed or clearly prescribed, the loan is deemed interest free.

自然人之间的借款合同约定支付利息的，借款的利率不得违反国家有关限制借款利率的规定。
Under a contract for loan of money between natural persons, the interest rate on the loan may not contravene the relevant stipulations of the state regarding limit on loan interest rate.

第十三章 租赁合同
Chapter Thirteen: Leasing Contracts

第二百一十二条租赁合同是出租人将租赁物交付承租人使用、收益，承租人支付租金的合同。
Article 212 Definition of Leasing Contract 　　A leasing contract is a contract whereby the lessor delivers to the lessee the lease item for it to use or accrue benefit from, and the lessee pays the rent.

第二百一十三条租赁合同的内容包括租赁物的名称、数量、用途、租赁期限、租金及其支付期限和方式、租赁物维修等条款。
Article 213 Terms of Leasing Contract 　　A leasing contract includes terms such as the name, quantity and purpose of the lease item, lease term, amount of rent, time and method of rent payment, as well as maintenance and repair of the lease item, etc.

第二百一十四条租赁期限不得超过二十年。超过二十年的，超过部分无效。
Article 214 Limit on Lease Term; Renewal 　　The lease term may not exceed twenty years. If the lease term exceeds twenty years, the portion of the lease term beyond the initial twenty year period is invalid.

租赁期间届满，当事人可以续订租赁合同，但约定的租赁期限自续订之日起不得超过二十年。
At the end of the lease term, the parties may renew the lease, provided that the renewed term may not exceed twenty years commencing on the date of renewal.

第二百一十五条租赁期限六个月以上的，应当采用书面形式。当事人未采用书面形式的，视为不定期租赁。
Article 215 Writing Requirement in Case Lease Term Is Six Months or Longer 　　Where the lease term is six months or longer, the lease shall be in writing. If the parties fail to adopt a writing, the lease is deemed a non-term lease.

第二百一十六条出租人应当按照约定将租赁物交付承租人，并在租赁期间保持租赁物符合约定的用途。
Article 216 Lessor's Obligation to Deliver Lease Item 　　The lessor shall deliver the lease item to the lessee in accordance with the contract and shall, during the lease term, keep the lease item fit for the prescribed purpose.

第二百一十七条承租人应当按照约定的方法使用租赁物。对租赁物的使用方法没有约定或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定的，应当按照租赁物的性质使用。
Article 217 Manner of Using Lease Item 　　The lessee shall use the lease item in the prescribed manner. Where the manner of use of the lease item was not prescribed or clearly prescribed, and cannot be determined in accordance with Article 61 hereof, the lease item shall be used in a manner consistent with its nature.

第二百一十八条承租人按照约定的方法或者租赁物的性质使用租赁物，致使租赁物受到损耗的，不承担损害赔偿责任。
Article 218 Lessee Not Liable for Wear and Tear 　　Where the lessee used the lease item in the prescribed manner or in a manner consistent with its nature, thereby causing wear and tear to the lease item, it is not liable for damages.

第二百一十九条承租人未按照约定的方法或者租赁物的性质使用租赁物，致使租赁物受到损失的，出租人可以解除合同并要求赔偿损失。
Article 219 Lessor Entitled to Terminate in Case of Unauthorized Use 　　Where the lessee failed to use the lease item in the prescribed manner or in a manner consistent with its nature, thereby causing damage to it, the lessor may terminate the contract and claim damages.

第二百二十条出租人应当履行租赁物的维修义务，但当事人另有约定的除外。
Article 220 Lessor's Maintenance Obligations 　　The lessor shall perform the obligations of maintenance and repair of the lease item, except otherwise agreed by the parties.

第二百二十一条承租人在租赁物需要维修时可以要求出租人在合理期限内维修。
Article 221 Lessee's Remedies in Case of Lessor's Failure to Maintain Lease Item 　　Where the lease item needs maintenance or repair, the lessee may require the lessor to perform maintenance or repair within a reasonable time.

出租人未履行维修义务的，承租人可以自行维修，维修费用由出租人负担。因维修租赁物影响承租人使用的，应当相应减少租金或者延长租期。
If the lessor fails to fulfill its obligations of maintenance or repair, the lessee may maintain or repair the lease item on its own at the lessor's expense. Where the lessee's use of the lease item is impaired due to maintenance or repair thereof, the rent shall be reduced or the lease term shall be extended accordingly.

第二百二十二条承租人应当妥善保管租赁物，因保管不善造成租赁物毁损、灭失的，应当承担损害赔偿责任。
Article 222 Lessee's Obligation of Due Care 　　The lessee shall keep the lease item with due care and shall be liable for damages if the lease item was damaged or lost due to improper care.

第二百二十三条承租人经出租人同意，可以对租赁物进行改善或者增设他物。
Article 223 Improvement or Addition 　　Subject to consent by the lessor, the lessee may make improvement on or addition to the lease item.

承租人未经出租人同意，对租赁物进行改善或者增设他物的，出租人可以要求承租人恢复原状或者赔偿损失。
If the lessee made improvement on or addition to the lease item without consent by the lessor, the lessor may require the lessee to restore the lease item to its original condition or claim damages.

第二百二十四条承租人经出租人同意，可以将租赁物转租给第三人。承租人转租的，承租人与出租人之间的租赁合同继续有效，第三人对租赁物造成损失的，承租人应当赔偿损失。
Article 224 Sublease 　　Subject to consent by the lessor, the lessee may sublease the lease item to a third person. Where the lessee subleases the lease item, the leasing contract between the lessee and the lessor remains valid, and if the third person causes damage to the lease item, the lessee shall pay damages.

承租人未经出租人同意转租的，出租人可以解除合同。
Where the lessee subleases the lease item without the consent of the lessor, the lessor may terminate the contract.

第二百二十五条在租赁期间因占有、使用租赁物获得的收益，归承租人所有，但当事人另有约定的除外。
Article 225 Benefit Accrued from Lease Item During Lease Term 　　During the lease term, any benefit accrued from the possession or use of the lease item belongs to the lessee, except otherwise agreed by the parties.

第二百二十六条承租人应当按照约定的期限支付租金。对支付期限没有约定或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定，租赁期间不满一年的，应当在租赁期间届满时支付；租赁期间一年以上的，应当在每届满一年时支付，剩余期间不满一年的，应当在租赁期间届满时支付。
Article 226 Time for Rent Payment 　　The lessee shall pay the rent at the prescribed time. Where the time of payment was not prescribed or clearly prescribed, and cannot be determined in accordance with Article 61 hereof, the rent shall be paid at the end of the lease term if it is less than one year; if the lease term is one year or longer, the rent shall be paid at the end of each annual period, and where the remaining period is less than one year, the rent shall be paid at the end of the lease term.

第二百二十七条承租人无正当理由未支付或者迟延支付租金的，出租人可以要求承租人在合理期限内支付。承租人逾期不支付的，出租人可以解除合同。
Article 227 Lessor's Remedies in Case of Non-Payment of Rent 　　Where the lessee failed to pay or delayed in paying the rent without cause, the lessor may require the lessee to pay the rent within a reasonable period. If the lessee fails to pay the rent at the end of such period, the lessor may terminate the contract.

第二百二十八条因第三人主张权利，致使承租人不能对租赁物使用、收益的，承租人可以要求减少租金或者不支付租金。
Article 228 Lessee's Remedies in Case of Third Party Claim; Duty to Notify 　　If due to any claim by a third person, the lessee is unable to use or accrue benefit from the lease item, the lessee may require reduction in rent or refuse to pay rent.

第三人主张权利的，承租人应当及时通知出租人。
In case of any claim by a third person, the lessee shall timely notify the lessor.

第二百二十九条租赁物在租赁期间发生所有权变动的，不影响租赁合同的效力。
Article 229 Leasing Contract Not Affected by Change of Ownership 　　Any change of ownership to the lease item does not affect the validity of the leasing contract.

第二百三十条出租人出卖租赁房屋的，应当在出卖之前的合理期限内通知承租人，承租人享有以同等条件优先购买的权利。
Article 230 Sale of Dwelling Unit under Lease 　　Where the lessor is to sell a dwelling unit under a lease, it shall give the lessee a reasonable advance notice before the sale, and the lessee has the right of first refusal under the same conditions.

第二百三十一条因不可归责于承租人的事由，致使租赁物部分或者全部毁损、灭失的，承租人可以要求减少租金或者不支付租金；因租赁物部分或者全部毁损、灭失，致使不能实现合同目的的，承租人可以解除合同。
Article 231 Lessee's Remedies in Case of Damage Not Attributable to Itself 　　Where the lease item was damaged or lost in part or in whole due to any reason not attributable to the lessee, the lessee may require reduction in rent or refuse to pay rent; where the purpose of the contract is frustrated due to damage to or loss of the lease item in part or in whole, the lessee may terminate the contract.

第二百三十二条当事人对租赁期限没有约定或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定的，视为不定期租赁。当事人可以随时解除合同，但出租人解除合同应当在合理期限之前通知承租人。
Article 232 Non-Term Lease 　　Where the term of a lease was not prescribed or clearly prescribed, and cannot be determined in accordance with Article 61 hereof, such lease is deemed a non-term lease. Either party may terminate the contract at any time, provided that the lessor shall give the lessee a reasonable advance notice before it terminates the contract.

第二百三十三条租赁物危及承租人的安全或者健康的，即使承租人订立合同时明知该租赁物质量不合格，承租人仍然可以随时解除合同。
Article 233 Lessee Entitled to Terminate in Case of Danger to Safety or Health 　　Where the lease item poses a danger to the safety or health of the lessee, the lessee may terminate the contract at any time even if the lessee was aware of the quality non-compliance of the lease item at the time of conclusion of the contract.

第二百三十四条承租人在房屋租赁期间死亡的，与其生前共同居住的人可以按照原租赁合同租赁该房屋。
Article 234 Lease of Dwelling Unit Assumable 　　Where the lessee is deceased during the term of a dwelling unit lease, the person jointly living in the unit with the lessee while the lessee was alive may continue leasing it on the terms of the original leasing contract.

第二百三十五条租赁期间届满，承租人应当返还租赁物。返还的租赁物应当符合按照约定或者租赁物的性质使用后的状态。
Article 235 Condition of Lease Item at End of Lease Term 　　The lessee shall return the lease item at the end of the lease term. The returned lease item shall be in a condition resulting from its use in the prescribed manner or in a manner consistent with its nature.

第二百三十六条租赁期间届满，承租人继续使用租赁物，出租人没有提出异议的，原租赁合同继续有效，但租赁期限为不定期。
Article 236 Effect of Continued Use Beyond Lease Term 　　Upon expiration of the lease term, if the lessee continues to use the lease item without objection by the lessor, the original leasing contract remains effective, provided that it becomes a non-term lease.

第十四章 融资租赁合同
Chapter Fourteen: Financial Leasing Contracts

第二百三十七条融资租赁合同是出租人根据承租人对出卖人、租赁物的选择，向出卖人购买租赁物，提供给承租人使用，承租人支付租金的合同。
Article 237 Definition of Financial Leasing Contract 　　A financial leasing contract is a contract whereby the lessor, upon purchase of the lessee-selected lease item from a lessee-selected seller, provides the lease item to the lessee for its use, and the lessee pays the rent.

第二百三十八条融资租赁合同的内容包括租赁物名称、数量、规格、技术性能、检验方法、租赁期限、租金构成及其支付期限和方式、币种、租赁期间届满租赁物的归属等条款。
Article 238 Terms of Financial Leasing Contract; Writing Requirement 　　A financial leasing contract includes terms such as the name, quantity, specifications, technical performance, and method of inspection of the lease item, the lease term, the rental components and the time, method and currency of payment, as well as the ownership of the lease item at the end of the lease term, etc.

融资租赁合同应当采用书面形式。
A financial leasing contract shall be in writing.

第二百三十九条出租人根据承租人对出卖人、租赁物的选择订立的买卖合同，出卖人应当按照约定向承租人交付标的物，承租人享有与受领标的物有关的买受人的权利。
Article 239 Lessee's Assumption of Buyer's Rights 　　Under the sales contract concluded by the lessor according to the lessee's selection of the seller and the lease item, the seller shall deliver the subject matter to the lessee in accordance with the contract, and the lessee enjoys the rights of the buyer in respect of taking delivery of the subject matter.

第二百四十条出租人、出卖人、承租人可以约定，出卖人不履行买卖合同义务的，由承租人行使索赔的权利。承租人行使索赔权利的，出租人应当协助。
Article 240 Lessee's Assumption of Buyer's Remedies in Case of Seller's Non-performance 　　The lessor, the seller and the lessee may agree that any claim arising from the seller's non-performance of its obligations under the sales contract will be made by the lessee. Where the lessee makes such a claim, the lessor shall provide assistance.

第二百四十一条出租人根据承租人对出卖人、租赁物的选择订立的买卖合同，未经承租人同意，出租人不得变更与承租人有关的合同内容。
Article 241 Certain Amendment of Sales Contract Subject to Consent by Lessee 　　Absent consent by the lessee, the lessor may not amend any lessee-related term in the sales contract concluded by it according to the lessee's selection of the seller and the lease item.

第二百四十二条出租人享有租赁物的所有权。承租人破产的，租赁物不属于破产财产。
Article 242 Exclusion of Lease Item from Bankruptcy Assets of Lessee 　　Title to the lease item vests in the lessor. In case the lessee enters into bankruptcy, the lease item is not part of its bankruptcy assets.

第二百四十三条融资租赁合同的租金，除当事人另有约定的以外，应当根据购买租赁物的大部分或者全部成本以及出租人的合理利润确定。
Article 243 Determination of Rental Components 　　Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, the rent under a financial leasing contract shall be determined based on the major portion of or full costs of purchasing the lease item and the lessor's reasonable profit.

第二百四十四条租赁物不符合约定或者不符合使用目的的，出租人不承担责任，但承租人依赖出租人的技能确定租赁物或者出租人干预选择租赁物的除外。
Article 244 Lessor Not Liable for Non-fitness of Lease Item; Exceptions 　　Where the lease item does not comply with the contract or is not fit for the intended purpose, the lessor is not liable, except where the lessee relied on the skills of the lessor in selecting the lease item or the lessor interfered in the selection thereof.

第二百四十五条出租人应当保证承租人对租赁物的占有和使用。
Article 245 Warranty by Lessor 　　The lessor shall give warranty in respect of the lessee's possession and use of the lease item.

第二百四十六条承租人占有租赁物期间，租赁物造成第三人的人身伤害或者财产损害的，出租人不承担责任。
Article 246 Lessor Not Liable for Damage or Injury 　　If while in the possession of the lessee, the lease item caused personal injury or property damage to any third person, the lessor is not liable.

第二百四十七条承租人应当妥善保管、使用租赁物。
Article 247 Lessee's Obligation of Due Care; Maintenance Obligations 　　The lessee shall keep and use the lease item with due care.

承租人应当履行占有租赁物期间的维修义务。
While in possession of the lease item, the lessee shall perform the obligations of maintenance and repair thereof.

第二百四十八条承租人应当按照约定支付租金。承租人经催告后在合理期限内仍不支付租金的，出租人可以要求支付全部租金；也可以解除合同，收回租赁物。
Article 248 Lessor' s Remedies in Case of Non-payment by Lessee 　　The lessee shall pay the rent in accordance with the contract. Where the lessee fails to pay the rent within a reasonable period after receiving demand for payment from the lessor, the lessor may require payment of the full rent; or it may terminate the contract and repossess the lease item.

第二百四十九条当事人约定租赁期间届满租赁物归承租人所有，承租人已经支付大部分租金，但无力支付剩余租金，出租人因此解除合同收回租赁物的，收回的租赁物的价值超过承租人欠付的租金以及其他费用的，承租人可以要求部分返还。
Article 249 Partial Refund in Case of Termination by Lessor 　　Where the parties agreed that title to the lease item will vest in the lessee at the end of the lease term, and after paying a major portion of the rent, the lessee is unable to pay the remaining balance, resulting in the lessor's termination of the contract and repossession of the lease item, if the value of the repossessed lease item exceeds the rent owed by the lessee and other expenses, the lessee may